NATIONAL CRIMINAL JURY INSTRUCTION COMPENDIUM
Instructions And Issues Omitted By The Pattern Instructions

VOLUME 17: DEATH PENALTY (Chapters 301-304)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 301: Death Penalty: Federal Constitutional Principles

301.1 The Death Eligibility Determination: Requirement Of Rational Narrowing
    301.1.1 Death Eligibility: Rational Narrowing Is Constitutionally Required
    301.1.2 Death Penalty: Narrowing Must Be Rational
    301.1.3 Death Penalty: Narrowing Determination Must Be Made By Jury And Comport With 5th, 6th And 14th Amendments
    301.1.4 Aggravating Factor Must Not Be So Vague That It Could Apply To Every Death-Eligible Murder
    301.1.5 Challenge To Overly Broad Death Eligibility Scheme
    301.1.6 Death Penalty: Specific Aggravating Factors
    301.1.7 Death Penalty For Crimes Other Than Murder

301.2 Death Penalty: The Sentencing Determination -- Requirement Of Guided Discretion
    301.2.1 Death Sentence Must Not Be Discriminatory, Arbitrary Or Capricious
    301.2.2 Death Penalty: Guided Discretion -- Jury Must Not Have Too Much Discretion
    301.2.3 Death Penalty: Guided Discretion -- Jury Must Not Have Too Little Discretion
    301.2.4 Mandatory Death Improper For Murder By Life Prisoner
    301.2.5 Death Can Be Mandatory After Mitigation Is Considered
    301.2.6 Jury Must Accept Responsibility For Sentencing Decision
    301.2.7 Death Penalty: Jury Must Understand Sentencing Discretion

301.3 Death Penalty: Aggravation
    301.3.1 State May Identify Aggravating Factors
    301.3.2 Death Penalty: Jury Consideration Of Nonstatutory Aggravation
    301.3.3 Improper For The Jury To Consider Invalid Aggravating Factors For Death Eligibility
    301.3.4 Death Penalty: Improper For The Jury To Consider Invalid Aggravating Factors For Sentencing

301.4 Death Penalty: Mitigation
        301.4.1 Mitigation: General Principles
            301.4.1.1 Death Penalty: The Jury Must Consider All Mitigating Evidence
            301.4.1.2 Mitigation Can Emanate From The Offense Or The Offender
            301.4.1.3 Death Penalty: Defining Mitigation For The Jury
            301.4.1.4 Death Penalty: Improper Mitigating Evidence
            301.4.1.5 Unanimity Not Required For Consideration Of Mitigation
            301.4.1.6 Death: Constitution Requires Admission Of Relevant Mitigation Even If Not Admissible Under Traditional Rules Of Evidence
            301.4.1.7 Death Penalty: Jury Must Be Allowed To Give Full Effect To Mitigating Circumstances
            301.4.1.8 Death Penalty: Prosecutor Misconduct Which Forecloses Juror Consideration Of Mitigation

        301.4.2 Death Penalty: Specific Mitigation
            301.4.2.1 Death Penalty: Sympathy As Mitigation
            301.4.2.2 Death Penalty: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder As Mitigation
            301.4.2.3 Death Penalty: Miscellaneous Mitigating Factors

301.5 Death Penalty: Sentencer's Evaluation Of Mitigation And Aggravation
    301.5.1 Death Penalty: The Sentencing Decision Must Be A Reasoned, Moral Response
    301.5.2 Death Penalty: Jury Must Consider The Mix Of Factors
    301.5.3 Death Penalty: Aggravation Does Not Need To Outweigh Mitigation Beyond A Reasonable Doubt
    301.5.4 Mitigation And Aggravation Must Be Defined
    301.5.5 Death Penalty: Life Verdict Permissible Even If Aggravating Factor Is Found
    301.5.6 Burden Of Persuasion
    301.5.7 Death Penalty: Weighing Or Nonweighing
    301.5.8 Death Penalty: Imposition Of Sentence Under Impermissible Standard As Implicating The 8th Amendment

301.6 Death Penalty: Greater Reliability Is Required
    301.6.1 Death Is Different
    301.6.2 Death Penalty: Greater Reliability Required In Determining Guilt
    301.6.3 Death Penalty: Sentencing Decision Must Be Reliable
    301.6.4 Death Is Worse Then Life Imprisonment
    301.6.5 Death Penalty: Greater Obligation Of Counsel To Investigate
    301.6.6 Death Penalty: Constitutional Challenge Based On Unreliability

301.7 Death Penalty: Defendant’s Right To Personal Presence
    301.7.1 Death Penalty: Defendant's Right To Personal Presence -- General Principles
    301.7.2 Death Penalty: Defendant Has Right To Be Present At The Verdict

301.8 Death Penalty: Miscellaneous Constitutional Principles
    301.8.1 Death Penalty: Sentencing Proceeding: Applicability Of Due Process
    301.8.2 Death Penalty: Sentencer May Not Rely On Undisclosed Information
    301.8.3 Death Penalty: Sentencing Proceeding: Right To Confrontation
    301.8.4 Death Penalty: Defendant Has Due Process Right To Assistance Of Expert
    301.8.5 Death Penalty: Duty Of Counsel To Request Appointment Of Mental Health Expert In Death Penalty Case
    301.8.6 Death Penalty: Defendant’s Right To Capital Sentencing Instructions That The Jury Understands
    301.8.7 Death Penalty: Prosecutorial Misconduct During Summation Or Argument To Jury
    301.8.8 Whether Judge May Make The Sentencing Decision In A Death Penalty Trial
    301.8.9 Public Favor Of Capital Punishment Must Not Impair Defendant’s Constitutional Right To A Fair Trial

301.9 Death Penalty: Conviction Of The Innocent
    301.9.1 Death Penalty: Danger Of Executing Innocent Persons As Basis For Constitutional Challenge To Capital Punishment

Chapter 302: Death Penalty: Determination Of Death Eligibility (Death Qualification) – Issues And Instructions

302.1 General Principles
    302.1.1 Death Eligibility Determination Requires Full Federal Constitutional Due Process And Trial By Jury Protections
    302.1.2 Death Eligibility: Applicability Of Circumstantial Evidence Rules
    302.1.3 Death Penalty: Constitutionality Of Executing The Mentally Retarded
    302.1.4 Death Penalty: Constitutionality Of Executing Juveniles

302.2 Felony Murder Death Qualifier
        302.2.1 Felony Murder Death Qualifier: Reckless Indifference And Major Participant
            302.2.1.1 Definition Of "Major Participant”
            302.2.1.2 Reckless Indifference Requires Knowledge Of Higher Probability Of Death Than Normally Attends The Felony
            302.2.1.3 Reckless Indifference: Factors For The Jury To Consider
            302.2.1.4 Felony Murder Death Qualifier: Reckless Indifference Should Be Defined
            302.2.1.5 Felony Murder Death Qualifier: Reckless Indifference Requires Subjective Awareness
            302.2.1.6 Felony Murder Death Qualifier: Requires Subjective Appreciation Of The Life-Threatening Risk, Even If Defendant Was A Major Participant
            302.2.1.7 Felony Murder Death Qualifier: Actual Killer Must Be "Major Participant" And Have Reckless Indifference
            302.2.1.8 "Major" Participant Felony Murder Death Qualifier: Constitutional Challenge

        302.2.2 Felony Murder Death Qualifier: Miscellaneous Issues
            302.2.2.1 Felony Murder Death Qualifier Application Of Merger Doctrine
            302.2.2.2 Felony Murder Death Qualifier: Incidental Intent Not Sufficient
            302.2.2.3 Felony Murder Death Qualifier: Duty To Instruct On Defenses When Underlying/Predicate Felony Is Not Charged
            302.2.2.4 Felony Murder Special: Reckless Indifference As Unconstitutionally Vague
            302.2.2.5 Overbreadth Constitutional Challenge To Felony Murder Death Qualifier
            302.2.2.6 Duplication Of Elements In Felony Murder Death Qualifier As 8th Amendment Violation

302.3 Financial Gain Death Qualifier
    302.3.1 Financial Gain Death Qualifier: Role Of Motive Instruction
    302.3.2 Financial Gain Death Qualifier: Victim's Death Must Be Essential Prerequisite

302.4 Death Qualification: Murder To Prevent Arrest Or Perfect Escape
    302.4.1 Requirement Of Intent
    302.4.2 Death Qualification: Based On Escape -- Inapplicable If Escape Was Already Complete

302.5 Death Qualification: Miscellaneous Issues
    302.5.1 "Depravity Of Mind" As Unconstitutional Death Qualification
    302.5.2 “Outrageously Or Wantonly Vile” Death Qualifier
    302.5.3 “Wicked Or Morally Corrupt” Death Qualifier
    302.5.4 “Heinous, Cruel Or Depraved” Death Qualifier
    302.5.5 “Torture, Depravity Of Mind Or Mutilation” Death Qualifier
    302.5.6 “Utter Disregard For Human Life" Death Qualifier
    302.5.7 Multiple Murder Death Qualifier: Overbreadth Constitutional Challenge
    302.5.8 Definition Of Destructive Device
    302.5.9 Death Eligibility: Murder Of Police Officer, Etc. -- Knowledge Requirement
    302.5.10 Applicability Of Merger Doctrine To Arson Death Qualifier

Chapter 303: Death Penalty: Determination Of Sentence -- Issues And Instructions

303.1 Death Penalty: Determination Of Sentence -- General Principles
    303.1.1 Death Penalty Trial: Introduction
    303.1.2 Death Penalty Investigation Strategies
    303.1.3 Death Penalty: Death Is Different
    303.1.4 Juries Should Assume That Death Sentence Will Be Carried Out
    303.1.5 Juror Misunderstanding Of Instructions In Death Cases Has Been Demonstrated
    303.1.6 Death Penalty: Greater Obligation Of Counsel To Investigate 

303.2 Death Penalty: Determination Of Sentence -- Procedural And Evidentiary Issues
    303.2.1 Death Penalty: Admonition To Refrain From Considering Penalty During Guilt Phase
    303.2.2 Death Penalty: Jury Must Not Consider Penalty Between Guilt And Penalty Phase Trials
    303.2.3 Death Penalty: Whether Jury Should Be Reinstructed With Guilt Phase Instructions At The Penalty Trial
    303.2.4 Death Penalty: Jury To Disregard Specified Evidence From The Guilt Trial
    303.2.5 Death Penalty: Counsel's Duty To Seek Life Even Against Defendant's Wishes
    303.2.6 Death Penalty: Admission Of Evidence Regarding Prior Death Sentence Does Not Violate 8th Amendment
    303.2.7 Death Penalty: Applicability Of Accomplice Instructions To Penalty Phase
    303.2.8 Death Penalty Mitigation: Relaxed Standards Regarding Admission Of Evidence
    303.2.9 Death Penalty: Consideration Of Limited-Purpose Evidence For Mitigation At Penalty Trial
    303.2.10 Death Penalty: Limitation On Bad Character Evidence Presented At Guilt Phase -- Applicability To Penalty Phase
    303.2.11 Death Penalty: Cautionary/Limiting Instructions When Expert's Beliefs About The Death Penalty Are Elicited
    303.2.12 Federal Constitution Violated By Omission Of Instruction Required By Death Penalty Statute
    303.2.13 Death Penalty: Mental Health Defenses – Sealing Examination Results That Will Only Be Used In Penalty Phase Until Penalty Phase

303.3 Death Penalty: Sentencing Deliberation Issues
    303.3.1 Death Penalty: Factors For Consideration At Penalty Trial
    303.3.2 Death Penalty: Individual Juror Determination Of Aggravation And Mitigation
    303.3.3 Death Penalty: Failure To Label Factors As Mitigating Or Aggravating
    303.3.4 Death Penalty: Jury May Not Consider Deterrence Or Monetary Cost
    303.3.5 Error to Instruct Jury That Death Penalty Is Mandatory If Aggravating Circumstances Found
    303.3.6 Death Penalty: Prohibition Against Consideration Of Race, Religion, National Origin Or Gender Of Either Victim Or Defendant
    303.3.7 Death Penalty: Jury May Return Verdict Of Life Even If Aggravation Outweighs Mitigation
    303.3.8 Death Penalty: Duty to Deliberate At Penalty Proceeding
    303.3.9 Death Penalty: Jury Does Not Have Duty To Reach A Verdict
    303.3.10 Death Penalty: Jurors Must Not Place Themselves "In The Shoes" Of The Victim Or Defendant
    303.3.11 Death Penalty: Jury Should Not Be Informed About Defendant’s Right To Appeal
    303.3.12 Death Penalty: Jury Not To Simply Count Aggravating And Mitigating Factors
    303.3.13 Death Penalty: Right To Instruction That Death Is The Greater Penalty
    303.3.14 Death Penalty: Individualized Consideration For Accomplice
    303.3.15 Death Penalty: Improper To Require Rejection Of Death Before Consideration Of Life Verdict
    303.3.16 Death Penalty: Jurors Must Disregard Alleged But Unproven Aggravating Factor
    303.3.17 Responding To Jury Inquiries In Capital Cases

303.4 Death Penalty: Mitigation – Miscellaneous Issues
    303.4.1 Death Penalty: Reliable Mitigating Evidence Not Admissible In Guilt Trial May Be Admissible At The Penalty Phase
    303.4.2 Death Penalty: Single Mitigating Circumstance Sufficient For Life Verdict
    303.4.3 Death Penalty: Use of the Term "Totality" Improperly Implies That One Mitigating Factor May Not Outweigh All Factors In Aggravation
    303.4.4 Death Penalty: Scope Of Mitigation -- No Mitigation Necessary To Reject Death
    303.4.5 Death Penalty: Mitigation Includes Post-Arrest Factors
    303.4.6 Death Penalty: Felony Murder -- Individualized Consideration Of Defendant’s Participation And Culpability
    303.4.7 Death Penalty: Unanimity Not A Requirement For Consideration Of Mitigating Evidence
    303.4.8 Death Penalty: Absence Of Mitigation Is Not Aggravation
    303.4.9 Death Penalty: Jury's Consideration Of Mitigating Evidence May Be Guided

303.5 Death Penalty: List Of Mitigating Factors Not Exclusive
    303.5.1 Death Penalty: List Of Mitigating Factors Not Exclusive -- General Principles
    303.5.2 Jury Must Be Permitted to Consider Nonstatutory Mitigation
    303.5.3 Modification Of “Catch-All” Mitigation Instruction To Pinpoint Defense Theories
    303.5.4 Death Penalty: Checklist Of Potential Specific Mitigating Factors Included In Catch-All Mitigation Instruction
    303.5.5 Death Penalty: Prospects For Rehabilitation As Mitigating Factor

303.6 Death Penalty: Consideration Of Defendant’s Individual Role
    303.6.1 Defendant's Minimal Participation As Mitigating Factor

303.7 Death Penalty: Specific Mitigating Factors
        303.7.1 Death Penalty: Miscellaneous Mitigating Factors
            303.7.1.1 Death Penalty: Courtroom Observations Of Defendant As Basis For Not Imposing Death
            303.7.1.2 Effect Of Death Penalty On The Defendant's Family As Mitigation
            303.7.1.3 Death Penalty: Polygraph As Mitigation
            303.7.1.4 Death Penalty: Leniency Received By Accomplice As Mitigation
            303.7.1.5 Death Penalty: Defendant's Background Is Mitigating Only
            303.7.1.6 Death Penalty: Good Prison Behavior/Potential For Rehabilitation As Mitigation
            303.7.1.7 Death Penalty: Mental Retardation As Mitigation
            303.7.1.8 Death Penalty: Lack Of Significant Prior Criminal
            303.7.1.9 Death Penalty: Coercion As Mitigation
            303.7.1.10 Death Penalty: Good Character As Mitigation
            303.7.1.11 “Catch All” Mitigation Factor

        303.7.2 Death Penalty: Mental Impairment As Mitigation
            303.7.2.1 Death Penalty: Extreme Mental Or Emotional Disturbance -- Reasonable Person Standard Inapplicable
            303.7.2.2 Death Penalty: Mental Impairment Not Limited To Excuse Or Negation Of An Element
            303.7.2.3 Death Penalty: Mental Illness, Emotional Disturbance And Retardation As Mitigating Factors Upon Which Jury Must Be Instructed
            303.7.2.4 Death Penalty: Consideration Of Less Than Extreme Mental Or Emotional Disturbance
            303.7.2.5 Death Penalty: Mental Impairment Not Limited To Excuse Or Negation Of An Element / (F 8.85(h) Inst 1)
            303.7.2.6 Mental Or Emotional Disturbance As Mitigation: Consideration Contributing Circumstances

        303.7.3 Death Penalty: Lingering Or Residual Doubt As Mitigation
            303.7.3.1 Whether Lingering Doubt Or Residual Doubt As To Guilt Is Mitigation
            303.7.3.2 Strategy When Court Contends That Lingering Doubt Is Included In General "Catch-All" Mitigating Factors
            303.7.3.3 Lingering Doubt As To Extent Or Degree Of Defendant's Guilt
            303.7.3.4 Lingering Doubt Or Residual Doubt: Combining With Other Mitigating Evidence
            303.7.3.5 Lingering Doubt Or Residual Doubt: Multiple Defendants

        303.7.4 Death Penalty: Lack Of Significant Criminal Record As Mitigation
            303.7.4.1 Absence Of Prior Felony Conviction As Mitigation
            303.7.4.2 Absence Of Violent Criminal Activity As Mitigation
            303.7.4.3 Evidentiary Showing Necessary For Instruction On Lack Of Criminal Record Or Activity
            303.7.4.4 Death Penalty: Defense Theory That Nonviolent Prior Criminal Activity Or Convictions Are Mitigating
            303.7.4.5 Prior Felony Convictions: Instructions Given Must Be Correct

        303.7.5 Death Penalty: Remorse As Mitigation
            303.7.5.1 Remorse As Mitigation For Jury To Consider
            303.7.5.2 Remorse As Mitigation: Conflict Between Codefendants When One Relies On Remorse And The Other Doesn't
            303.7.5.3 Remorse As Mitigation: Conflict Between Codefendant's Regarding Right To Testify And Right To Allocution
            303.7.5.4 Death Penalty: Improper To Infer Lack Of Remorse From Failure Of Defendant To Confess
            303.7.5.5 Capital Trial: No Consideration Of Nontestimonial Appearance Or Demeanor

        303.7.6 Death Penalty: Youth Or Immaturity As Mitigation
            303.7.6.1 Age As Mitigation: Immaturity, Not Just Chronological Age, Must Be Considered
            303.7.6.2 Jury Should Compare Defendant's Age With The Statutory Age When Death Eligibility Begins

        303.7.7 Advanced Age As Mitigation
            303.7.7.1 Advanced Age As Mitigation
            303.7.7.2 Advanced Age As Mitigation: Physiological Age Should Be Considered In Addition To Chronological Age

        303.7.8 Death Penalty: Physical Abuse Of Defendant As Mitigation
            303.7.8.1 Family History As Mitigation
            303.7.8.2 Death Penalty Mitigation: Physical Abuse Of Defendant As Child Is Relevant Mitigating Evidence Even Without Expert Testimony
            303.7.8.3 Childhood Victimization As Mitigation

        303.7.9 Sympathy As Mitigation
            303.7.9.1 Scope And Proof Of Mitigation: Sympathy Alone Is Sufficient To Reject Death
            303.7.9.2 Death Penalty: Defendant's Courtroom Demeanor As Basis For Sympathy

        303.7.10 Mitigating Evidence: Exclusion Of Evidence Regarding Defendant’s Family Members
            303.7.10 Mitigating Evidence: Exclusion Of Evidence Regarding Defendant’s Family Members

303.8 Death Penalty: Aggravation: Miscellaneous Issues
    303.8.1 Death Penalty: Aggravating Circumstances Of The Offense Factor Is Vague And Ambiguous
    303.8.2 Death Penalty: Seeking to Exclude Nonstatutory Aggravating Evidence
    303.8.3 Death Penalty: Aggravation Limited To Enumerated Statutory Factors
    303.8.4 Prior Violent Felony Conviction As Aggravating Factor -- Not Applicable To Accessory After The Fact
    303.8.5 Defense Theory That Defendant's Inability To Express His Or Her Emotions Negate Premeditation And Deliberation
    303.8.6 Death Penalty: Jurors Must Disregard Alleged But Unproven Aggravating Factor

303.9 Death Penalty: Unadjudicated Prior Crimes As Aggravation
    303.9.1 Unadjudicated Violent Crimes: Duty To Instruct Upon Available Defenses To Those Crimes
    303.9.2 Unadjudicated Violent Offenses: Applicable Only To Crimes Directed Against A Person
    303.9.3 Unadjudicated Violent Offenses: Duty To Instruct On Elements
    303.9.4 Prior Conviction In Death Penalty Trial: Limiting Instruction Required Sua Sponte

303.10 Death Penalty: Victim Impact As Sentencing Factor
    303.10.1 Victim Impact: Combined Limiting Instruction
    303.10.2 Victim Impact Limited To Rational, Rather Than Emotional, Response
    303.10.3 Victim Impact: Jury Must Not Consider Overly Emotional Evidence
    303.10.4 Victim Impact Not Aggravation -- Does Not Relieve Prosecution Of Burden Of Proving Death Qualification/Eligibility
    303.10.5 Victim Impact: Right Of Defendant To Present Negative Evidence Regarding Victim
    303.10.6 Improper For Victims To Expound On Appropriate Sentence For Defendant
    303.10.7 Victim Impact: Improper To Measure Relative Worth Of Defendant And Victim
    303.10.8 Victim Impact: Notice Requirement
    303.10.9 Victim Impact Limited To Victims Of Crimes Proven At Guilt Phase And Directly Related To The Capital Offense
    303.10.10 Victim Impact Limited To Circumstances About Which Defendant Was Aware
    303.10.11 Necessity Of Pre-Hearing In Limine Motion To Exclude Or Limit Victim Impact Evidence
    303.10.12 Jury Should Consider Opinion Of Victim Impact Witness That Defendant Should Not Be Executed
    303.10.13 Victim Impact: Irrelevant To Determination Of Aggravating Circumstances
    303.10.14 Victim Impact: Cautionary And Limiting Instruction
    303.10.15 Victim Impact: Tactical Considerations Before the Jury
    303.10.16 Victim Impact: Improper Characterization Of The Defendant

303.11 Challenge To "Double Counting" Of Aggravating Factors
    303.11.1 Death Penalty: Improper To “Double Count” Aggravating Factors Which Were Also Used As Death Qualifiers
    303.11.2 Death Penalty: Conviction Of Defendant Of First Degree Murder Is Not Itself An Aggravating Factor

303.12 Death Penalty: Meaning Of Sentencing Options
    303.12.1 Instruction As To Meaning Of Life Without Parole: Sample Argument To The Jury In Cases Where Instruction Is Refused
    303.12.2 Instruction As To Meaning Of Life Imprisonment Without Parole
    303.12.3 Whether Jury May Consider The Unlikelihood of Executive Clemency
    303.12.4 Instruction As To Meaning Of Life Without Parole
    303.12.5 Death Penalty: Confusing Jury Instruction Regarding Possibility Of Parole
    303.12.6 Death Penalty: Improper For Commutation Instruction To Imply The Question Of Release Will Automatically Come Before The Governor
    303.12.7 Death Penalty: Meaning Of Life Without Parole – Presentation Of Statistical Information Relating To Commutation
    303.12.8 Instruction On Meaning Of Life Imprisonment: Empirical Evidence Of Prejudice

303.13 Jury Must Not Consider Deterrence
    303.13.1 Death Penalty: Jury May Not Consider Deterrence Or Monetary Cost

303.14 Failure Of Defendant To Testify
    303.14.1 No Adverse Inference As To Penalty From Failure Of Defendant To Testify At Guilt Or Penalty Trial

303.15 Death Penalty: Informing Jury As To Consequences Of Failure To Reach A Verdict As To Penalty
    303.15.1 Death Penalty: Consequences Of Failure To Agree At Penalty: Jury Should Be Informed That Guilt Phase Verdicts Will Not Be Affected

303.16 Death Penalty: Future Dangerousness
    303.16.1 Death Penalty: Admissibility Of Psychiatric Testimony On Future Dangerousness
    303.16.2 Death Penalty: Expert Opinion As To Future Dangerousness – Cautionary Concerns
    303.16.3 Death Penalty: Future Dangerousness: Exclusion Of Evidence Under Daubert/Kumho
    303.16.4 Death Penalty: Gang Evidence Improper Where Future Dangerousness Not Raised

303.17 Death Penalty: Appellate Review Of Sentencing Determination
    303.17.1 Right To Meaningful Appellate Review
    303.17.2 Review Required In Nonweighing State
    303.17.3 Review Of Invalid Or Insufficient Aggravating Factors

Chapter 304: Federal Death Penalty Statute

    304.1 Federal Death Penalty Statute: Resources
    304.2 Federal Death Penalty: Discriminatory Effect
    304.3 Federal Death Penalty: Failure Of Attorney General To Follow Procedural Protocol
    304.4 Federal Death Penalty: Lack Of Proportionality Review
    304.5 Federal Death Penalty: Sample Jury Instructions
    304.6 Federal Death Penalty: Constitutional Challenge
    304.7 Federal Death Penalty: Pecuniary Gain Aggravator Requires Expectation Of Gain As A Result Of The Murder
    304.8 Federal Death Penalty: Clarifying Distinction In Burdens As To Aggravation And Mitigation
    304.9 Federal Death Penalty: Unanimity – Individual Juror Has Power To Prevent Death Sentence