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Research Notes

    305.12.1 Language/Drafting Of Instructions
    305.12.2 Lesser Included Offenses
    305.12.3 Lesser Related Offenses/Nonincluded Lesser Offenses
    305.12.4 Lying In Wait

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    305.12.1    Language/Drafting Of Instructions

The Craft of Drafting Plain-Language Jury Instructions: A Study of Sample Pattern Instruction on Obscenity, Wilcox, 59 Temple L.Q. 1159, Winter 1986.

Effective Instructions: Put Them in Writing (Symposium: Making Jury Instructions Comprehensible) Cramer, 8 U. of Bridgeport L.Rev. 335, Summer 1987.

Experiments in the Second Circuit with Techniques for Aiding Juror Comprehension (Symposium: Making Jury Instructions Comprehensible) Sand, 8 U. of Bridgeport L.Rev. 325, Summer 1987.

The Florida Judge-Jury Communication Project (Symposium: Making Jury Instructions Comprehensible) Buchanan, 8 U. of Bridgeport L.Rev. 297, Summer 1987.

Guidelines for Drafting Understandable Jury Instructions: An Introduction to the Use of Psycholinguistics, Inwinkelried and Schwed, 23 Crim.L.Bull. 135, March-April 1987.

Instructing Jurors: A Field Experiment with Written and Preliminary Instructions, Heuer and Penrod, 13 L. and Human Behavior 409, Dec. 1989.

Instructive Interrogatories: One Method to Aid the Jury (Symposium: Making Jury Instructions Comprehensible) [panel discussion] Berdon, 8 U. of Bridgeport L.Rev. 385, Summer 1987.

An Introduction to the University of Washington Juror Instruction Project (Symposium: Making Jury Instructions Comprehensible) Loftus, 8 U. of Bridgeport L.Rev. 287, Summer 1987.

The Judge as a Communicator (Symposium: Making Jury Instructions Comprehensible) [panel discussion], Buchanan, 8 U. of Bridgeport L.Rev. 395, Summer 1987.

The Judge as an Educator (Symposium: Making Jury Instructions Comprehensible) [panel discussion] Strawn, 8 U. of Bridgeport L.Rev. 371, Summer 1987.

Judges, Juries and the Meaning of Words, Briggs, 5 Leg.Stud. 314, Nov. 1985.

Juries Are Smarter Than You Think; They Can Apply the Law When It's Written in English (Calif.) Kelly, 15 Los Angeles Lawyer 20, Nov. 1992.

Jury Instructions: A Consistent Failure to Communicate, Steele and Thornburg, 67 N. Carolina L.Rev. 78, 1988.

Jury Instructions: A Persistent Failure to Communicate, Steele and Thornburg, 74 Judicature 249, Feb.-Mar. 1991.

Jury Instructions Must be Cast so that Juries will Interpret Presumptions as Permissive (Annual Survey of S. Carolina Law: Jan. 1 -Dec. 31, 1987) Smith, 40 S. Carolina L.Rev. 60, Autumn 1988.

Jury Instructions: Plainer Is Better, C.G. Robbins, 32 Trial 32. April 1996.

Jury Instructions: The Time for Understanding [Illinois] Peccarelli, 76 Ill.B.J. 282, Jan. 1988.

Language Understandable: A Psycholinguistic Study of Jury Instructions, 79 Colum. L.Rev. 1306, 1979.

The Law and Psychology of Jury Instructions, Tanford, 69 Neb.L.Rev. 71, Winter 1990.

Linguistics and the Jury (Symposium: Making Jury Instructions Comprehensible) Charrow, 8 U. of Bridgeport L.Rev. 303, Summer 1987.

Making Legal Language Understandable: A Psycholinguistic Study of Jury Instructions, Charrow and Charrow, 79 Colum. L.Rev. 1306, 1979.

The Movement for Better Jury Instructions: A Selected, Annotated Bibliography for Lawyers (Symposium: Making Jury Instructions Comprehensible) Wilcox, 8 U. of Bridgeport L.Rev. 457, Summer 1987.

Real Juror's Understanding of the Law in Real Cases, Reifman, Gusick and Ellsworth, 16 L. and Human Behavior 539, Oct. 1992.

Some Guidelines for Clear Legal Writing (Symposium: Making Jury Instructions Comprehensible) Charrow, 8 U. of Bridgeport L.Rev. 409, Summer 1987.

Some Practical Perspectives on Instruction Reform (Symposium: Making Jury Instructions Comprehensible) [panel discussion], Lazer, 8 U. of Bridgeport L.Rev. 409, Summer 1987.

The Submission of Written Instructions and Statutory Language to New York Criminal Juries, Schwaiger, 56 Brooklyn L.Rev. 1353, Winter 1991.

Ten Practical Suggestions About Federal Jury Instructions, Devitt, 38 F.R.D. 75, 1965.

Toward Criminal Jury Instructions that Jurors Can Understand, Severance and Loftus, 75 J.Crim.L. & Criminology 198, 1984.

"What Do We Do Now?": Helping Juries Apply The Instructions. C.N. May, 28 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 869-901 April 1995.

Why and How to Instruct a Jury, Milholland, 45 J. Missouri B. 569, Dec. 1989.

Texts:

Making Jury Instructions Understandable, A. Elword, B. Sales & J. Alfini, Charrow & Charrow, 1982.

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    305.12.2    Lesser Included Offenses

Abduction and Kidnapping: False Imprisonment as Included Offense, 68 ALR3d 828.

Note, Beck v. Alabama: The Right to a Lesser Included Offense Instruction in Capital Cases, 1981 Wisc LRev 560 (1981).

Bribery: Instructions as to Lesser Included Offense Charge in Federal Prosecution, 107 ALR Fed 427.

Bribery: Propriety of Lesser Included Offense Charge to Jury in Federal Bribery Prosecution, 107 ALR Fed 427.

Conflict of the Criminal Statute of Limitations With Lesser Offenses At Trial. A.L. Adlestein, 37 Wm. & Nary L. Rev. 199-297 Fall 1995.

Constitutional Limitations on the Lesser Included Offense Doctrine, Blair, 21 Amer. Crim.L.Rev. 445, 1984.

Conviction of Lesser Offense as Bar to Prosecution for Greater on New Trial, 61 ALR2d 1141.

Courts Must Instruct on Lesser-Included Offenses That Fit Within the Elements of the Greater Charged Offense, Regardless of the Evidence [case note: State v. Jeffries (Iowa 1988) 430 N.W.2d. 728], Benzoni, 39 Drake L.Rev. 549, Winter 1990.

Cure of Error, in Instruction as to One Offense, by Conviction of Higher or Lesser Offense, Modern Status of Law Regarding, 15 ALR4th 118.

Effect of Failure or Refusal of Court, in Robbery Prosecution to Instruct on Assault and Battery, 58 ALR2d 808.

Homicide: Propriety of Lesser-included-offense Charge to Jury in Federal Homicide Prosecution, 101 ALR Red 615.

Note, Improving Jury Instructions: A Reconsideration of Lesser Included Offense Instructions, 16 UMich JLRef 461 (1983).

In Search of a Reasoned Approach to the Lesser-Included Offense, Ettinger, 50 Brook.L.Rev. 191 (1984).

Jury Charges and Lesser Included Offenses (1985 Survey of S. Carolina Law) Norton, 38 S. Carolina L.Rev. 79, Autumn 1986.

Comment, Jury Instructions on Lesser-Included Offenses, 57 NwULRev 61 (1962).

The Lesser Included Offense Doctrine And The Constitution: The Development Of Due Process And Double Jeopardy Remedies, 79 Marq. L. Rev. 1, 193 (1995).

The Lesser-Included Offense Doctrine: A Present Day Analysis For Practitioners, Barnett, 5 Conn. L. Rev. 255, 1972.

Comment, The Lesser Included Offense Doctrine in Iowa: The Gordian Knot Untied, 59 Iowa LRev 684 (1974).

Note, The Lesser Included Offense Doctrine in Pennsylvania: Uncertainty in the Courts, 84 DickLRev 125 (1979).

Lesser Included Offenses: Felony Murder (Recent Developments in Utah Law) [case note: State v. Hansen, Carmack, (Utah 1986) 734 P.2d. 421], 1988 Utah L.Rev. 203, Winter 1988.

Annotation, Lesser-Related State Offense Instructions: Modern Status, 50 ALR4th 1081.

Looking at Lesser Included Offenses on an All or Nothing Basis: State v. Bullard and the Sporting Approach to Criminal Justice (Survey of Developments in N. Carolina Law, 1990) [case note: State v. Bullard (N.C. Ct. App. 1990) 389 S.E.2d 123], Hamrick, 69 N. Carolina L.Rev. 1470, Sept. 1991.

Mail Crime: Right of Defendant in Federal Prosecution for Offense Involving United States Mail to Jury Charge on Lesser Included Offense, 106 ALR Fed 292.

Manslaughter: Propriety of Manslaughter Conviction in Prosecution for Murder, Absent Proof of Necessary Elements of Manslaughter, 19 ALR4th 861.

The Many-Headed Hydra of Lesser Included Offenses: A Herculean Task for the Michigan Courts, Koenig, 1975 DetCLRev 41.

Michigan's Lesser Included Offense Rule: Handling the Many-headed Hydra, 67 U. Det. L.Rev. 95, Fall 1989.

Annotation, Modern Status of Law Regarding Cure of Error, in Instruction As to One Offense, by Conviction of Higher or Lesser Offense, 15 ALR4th 118.

Narcotics: Propriety of Lesser-included-offense Charge in Federal Prosecution of Narcotics Defendant, 106 ALR Fed 236.

Procedural Due Process and the Lesser-Included Offense Doctrine, Mascolo, 50 AlbLRev 263 (1986).

Annotation, Propriety of Manslaughter Conviction in Prosecution for Murder, Absent Proof of Necessary Elements of Manslaughter, 19 ALR4th 861.

Property Rights Crime: Propriety of Lesser-included-offense Charge to Jury in Federal Prosecution for Crime Involving Property Rights, 105 ALR Fed 669.

Propriety of Lesser-included-offense Charge to Jury in Federal Criminal Case, 100 ALR Fed 481.

Propriety of Manslaughter Conviction in Prosecution for Murder, Absent Proof of Necessary Elements of Manslaughter, 19 ALR4th 861.

Sex Crime: Propriety of Lesser-included-offense Charge to Jury in Federal Sex-crime Prosecution, 100 ALR Fed 535.

Tax Crime: Propriety of Lesser-included-offense Jury Charge in Prosecution of Federal Tax-crime Defendant, 102 ALR Fed 128.

Time-barred: Conviction of Lesser Offense, Against Which Statute of Limitations Has Run, Where Statute Has Not Run Against Offense with Which Defendant Is Charged, 47 ALR2d 887.

Time-barred: Instructions as to Conviction of Lesser Offense, Against Which Statute of Limitations Has Run, Where Statute Has Not Run Against Offense with Which Defendant Is Charged, 47 ALR2d 890.

Time-barred: Jury Instruction on Time-Barred, Lesser Included Offense Constitute Waiver of Statute of Limitations Defense (Annual Survey of Rhode Island Law for the 1991 - 1992 Term) Duffy, 26 Suffolk U.L.Rev. 525, Summer 1992.

The Unanimous Acquittal Instructions: A Rational Approach to Instructing Jurors on Lesser Included Offenses, Atlas, 16 Fordham Urban L.J. 331, Spring 1988.

Truth in Jury Instructions: Reforming the Law of Lesser Included Offenses, John F. Yetter, 9 St. Thomas L. Rev. 603, Spring 1997.

What Constitutes Lesser Offenses "Necessarily Included" in Offense Charged, Under Rule 31(c) of Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, 11 ALR Fed 173.

Cissell, Federal Criminal Trials, (Lexis, 5th ed. 1996) § 12-7(a)(1).

Cooper, Kentucky Instructions to Juries 1.05b [ ] (Anderson, 4th ed. 2001).

Goodman & Leventhal, Charges to the Jury and Requests to Charge in a Criminal Case, (New York).

Leventhal, Charges to the Jury and Requests to Charge in a Criminal Case, (New York) Case 2:14 [ ] (West, 1999).

O’Malley Grenig, & Lee, Federal Jury Practice and Instructions, 0.05 [ ] (West, 5th ed. 2000).

Wharton’s Criminal Procedure, (West, 13th ed. 1992) § 473.

Wright, Federal Practice and Procedure, (Criminal) §§481-502, 515.

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Conflict of the Criminal Statute of Limitations With Lesser Offenses At Trial. A.L. Adlestein, 37 Wm. & Nary L. Rev. 199-297 Fall 1995.

Lesser-related State Offense Instructions: Modern Status, 50 ALR4th 1081.

Right to Jury Instructions on Closely Related Offenses, Comment, 6 Whittier L. Rev. 1011, 1984.

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What constitutes "lying in wait", 89 ALR2d 1140.

Texts:

LaFave & Scott, Substantive Criminal Law (West, 1986) § 7.7(c), p. 242-44.

Wharton’s Criminal Law (West, 15th ed. 1993) § 143, pp. 278-80.