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254.1 Duress/Coercion

    254.1.5 Duress/Coercion: Applicability To Other Specific Crimes

    254.1.5.1 Imminent Danger As Defense To Vehicle Violation
    254.1.5.2 Duress/Coercion: Applicability To Drunk Driving
    254.1.5.3 Duress/Coercion: Applicability To Assault/Robbery/Theft Crimes
    254.1.5.4 Duress/Coercion: Applicability To Kidnapping
    254.1.5.5 Duress/Coercion: Applicability to Criminal Sexual Conduct
    254.1.5.6 Duress/Coercion: Requirement Of Imminent Rather Than Immediate Threat
    254.1.5.7 Duress/Coercion: Applicability To Escape
    254.1.5.8 Duress/Coercion: Applicability To Prison Crimes

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    254.1.5.1    Imminent Danger As Defense To Vehicle Violation

PRACTICE NOTE: It may be defense to a vehicle violation, and even vehicular homicide, if the defendant’s operation of the vehicle is in response to a perceived imminent danger. (See People v. Maher (NY 1992) 594 NE2d 915, 917 [defendant entitled to instruction on defensive justification to vehicular homicide under the "choice of evils" theory].)

    See also FORECITE National™ 89.4.4 [Duress As Defense To Drunk Driving].

See generally, FORECITE National™ 254.1.1.8 [Duress/Coercion:  Federal Circuit Model Instructions].

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    See also FORECITE National™ 89.4.4 [Duress As Defense To Drunk Driving].

    See generally, FORECITE National™ 254.1.1.8 [Duress/Coercion:  Federal Circuit Model Instructions].

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Annotation, Coercion, Compulsion Or Duress As Defense To Charge Of Robbery, Larceny, Or Related Crime, 1 ALR4th 481.

See generally, FORECITE National™ 254.1.1.8 [Duress/Coercion:  Federal Circuit Model Instructions].

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Annotation, Coercion, Compulsion Or Duress As Defense To Charge Of Kidnapping, 69 ALR4th 1005.

See generally, FORECITE National™ 254.1.1.8 [Duress/Coercion:  Federal Circuit Model Instructions].

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PRACTICE NOTE: See Frasier v. State (SC 1991) 410 SE2d 572, 574 [requested instruction on defense of duress or coercion should have been given in prosecution for conspiracy, kidnapping and criminal sexual conduct, in which defendant claimed that masked gunman had forced him to have intercourse with victim; defendant testified that gunman hit him on side of head with weapon and that gunman pointed weapon at either defendant or victim during entire ordeal].

See generally, FORECITE National™ 254.1.1.8 [Duress/Coercion:  Federal Circuit Model Instructions].

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PRACTICE NOTE: Sam v. Commonwealth (VA 1991) 411 SE2d 832, 839-40 ["to the extent a distinction needs to be made, the more appropriate approach to the defense of duress is to require a showing of ‘imminent’ harm rather than the stricter and more limiting ‘immediate’ harm"]; U.S. v. Gomez (9th Cir. 1996) 92 F3d 770, 776 [where defendant had already received numerous threats over an extended period of time, "danger was present and immediate enough" even though defendant "hadn’t been threatened in the last hour or the last day"]; State v. Castrillo (NM 1991) 819 P2d 1324, 1328 ["requirement of immediacy should not be interpreted too literally when a defendant’s fear is based on a pattern of prior threats"].

See generally, FORECITE National™ 254.1.1.8 [Duress/Coercion:  Federal Circuit Model Instructions].

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    See FORECITE National™ 91.4 [Escape: Necessity/Choice Of Evils, Duress/Coercion/Compulsion As Defense Theory].

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    254.1.5.8    Duress/Coercion: Applicability To Prison Crimes

    See FORECITE National™ 96.3.1 [Duress/Coercion/Necessity As Defense To Prison Crime].