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83.3 Conspiracy: Defenses And Defense Theories

    83.3.9 Duration: Defense Theories

    83.3.9.1 Defense Theory That The Duration Of The Conspiracy Was Not Extended By Post-Offense Efforts To Conceal
    83.3.9.2 Conspiracy: Defense Theory That Overt Act Did Not Occur Within Statute Of Limitation
    83.3.9.3 Duration Of Conspiracy And Withdrawal
    83.3.9.4 Conspiracy Does Not Terminate When Objective Becomes Impossible To Achieve
    83.3.9.5 Conspiracy For Economic Gain Terminates When Funds Are Received

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RATIONALE: Because the duration of the conspiracy may be a crucial issue, it may be necessary to specifically instruct the jury that the duration is not extended by post-offense efforts to conceal.

POINTS AND AUTHORITIES: After the objectives of the conspiracy have been fully accomplished, subsequent acts of concealment do not extend the duration of the conspiracy for purposes of the statute of limitations. (See Grunewald v. U.S. (1957) 353 US 391, 399 [77 SCt 963; 1 LEd 931]; see also Hampton v. Hanrahan (7th Cir. 1979) 600 F2d 600, 622; U.S. v. Long (8th Cir. 1991) 952 F2d 1520, 1532; People v. Brown (CA 1991) 226 CA3d 1361, 1367-69 [277 CR 309]; People v. Zamora (CA 1976) 18 C3d 538, 556-60 [134 CR 784]; State v. Patriarca (RI 1973) 308 A2d 300, 316; Caplow & Griffin, Multidefendant Criminal Cases: Federal Law & Procedure (West, 1998) § 2:19, p. 44; but see NORTH DAKOTA PATTERN JURY INSTRUCTIONS, NDJI-Criminal K-2.06 [Criminal Conspiracy] (State Bar Association of North Dakota, 1999) [statute includes acts of concealment other than silence in defining ongoing conspiracy].) However, if the concealment was a central and dependent part of the conspiratorial agreement -- rather than merely the natural desire of criminals to avoid detection -- the period of concealment may extend the duration of the conspiracy. (Grunewald, 353 US at 405.)

FEDERALIZATION: To federalize this request, click here. [Constitutional Macro 2.3; 4.1].

NOTE: Post-offense concealment is not an implied subsidiary conspiracy of concealment. (MARYLAND CRIMINAL PATTERN JURY INSTRUCTIONS, MPJI-Cr 4:08, comment [Conspiracy] p. 168.2 (Micpel, 1999); see also State v. Rivenbark (MD 1987) 533 A2d 271, 273-77 [adopting Krulewitch v. U.S. (1949) 336 US 440 [69 SCt 716; 93 LEd 790].]

See generally, FORECITE National™ 305.3.11 [Conspiracy].

See generally, FORECITE National™ 83.1.2 [Conspiracy: Federal Circuit Model Instructions And Notes].

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    See FORECITE National™ 83.3.4.9 [Conspiracy: Defense Theory That Overt Act Did Not Occur Within Statute Of Limitations].

VOLUME 7 - CHAPTER 83

    See FORECITE National™ 83.3.11 [Conspiracy: Withdrawal As Defense Theory].

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PRACTICE NOTE: See U.S. v. Jimenez Recio (2003) 537 US 270 [123 SCt 819; 154 LEd2d 744].

Article: Conspiracy Theory, 112 Yale L.J. 1307 (2003).

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PRACTICE NOTE: See United States v. Roshko, 969 F2d 1 (2nd Cir. 1992) [it "makes a good deal of sense" to view "conspiracies for economic gain" as continuing until the conspirators have received the funds from the conspiracy, when economic gain is the sole reason for the conspiracy]; see also United States v. Salmonese (2nd Cir. 2003) 352 F3d 608.