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77.15 Hate Crimes, Interference With Civil Rights

    77.15.3 Hate Crimes: Defenses And Defense Theories

    77.15.3.1 Hate Crimes: Lack Of Intent As Defense Theory
    77.15.3.2 Hate Crimes: Defense Theory That Impermissible Bias Was Not A Substantial Cause Of The Defendant's Acts
    77.15.3.3 Hate Crimes: Defense Theory That Defendant Did Not Personally Harbor The Required Mental State
    77.15.3.4 Hate Crimes: First Amendment Defense
    77.15.3.5 Hate Crimes: Additional Defenses And Defense Theories

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    See FORECITE National™ 77.15.2.3 [Hate Crimes: Mens Rea].

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    See FORECITE National™ 77.15.2.2 [Hate Crimes: Causation].

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PRACTICE NOTE: California's "Hate Crime" legislation provides a sentence enhancement for "hate crimes" committed in concert. This statute has been construed to require that the defendant personally harbor the requisite mental state. (See People v. Walker (CA 1976) 18 C3d 232, 241-42 [133 CR 520].)

RESEARCH NOTES:

See generally, FORECITE National™ 305.8.1 [Hate Crimes].

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    See FORECITE National™ 77.14.3.3 [Terrorist Threats: First Amendment Defense].

    See FORECITE National™ 77.16.3.10 [Stalking: First Amendment Defense].

    See FORECITE National™ 300.16.1 [Freedom Of Speech (1st Amendment)].

RESEARCH NOTES:

See generally, FORECITE National™ 305.8.1 [Hate Crimes].

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PRACTICE NOTE: The defenses and defense theories discussed in this chapter are offered to provide ideas which may be helpful in developing a defense strategy and are not intended to be a complete checklist. Depending on the jurisdiction and the factual circumstances, other theories may be available. (See generally FORECITE National™ Volume 11: Affirmative Defenses And Defense Theories (Ch. 250-264).) For example, in any given case defensive theories may be available as to one or more of the basic elements of criminal liability. (See generally FORECITE National™ Volume 5: Basic Elements Of A Criminal Allegation And Defenses Thereto (Ch. 43-62).)