5TH CIRCUIT PATTERN JURY INSTRUCTIONS - CRIMINAL
SUMMARY OF 2001 REVISIONS
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1.11    IMPEACHMENT BY PRIOR CONVICTION (DEFENDANT'S TESTIMONY)

    INSTRUCTION REVISION: Change in title/numbering (formerly 1.12).

1.12    IMPEACHMENT BY PRIOR CONVICTION (WITNESS OTHER THAN DEFENDANT)

    INSTRUCTION REVISION: Change in title/numbering (formerly 1.11).

1.15    ACCOMPLICE--CO-DEFENDANT--PLEA AGREEMENT

    INSTRUCTION REVISION:  Deleted the phrase "in and of itself" from last sentence.

    NOTE REVISION:  Added reference to United States v. Pettigrew, 77 F.3d 1500, 1518 (5th Cir. 1996), United States v. Prieto, 232 F.3d 816, 823 (11th Cir. 2000), and United States v. Gonzalez-Gonzalez, 136 F.3d 6, 10-11 (1st Cir. 1998) noting split in circuits concerning use of phrase "in and of itself".  Added reference to United States v. Posada-Rios, 158 F.3d 832, 872-73 (5th Cir. 1998) and United States v. Pettigrew, 77 F.3d 1500, 1518 (5th Cir. 1996).

1.19    CAUTION--CONSIDER ONLY CRIME CHARGED 

    INSTRUCTION REVISION:  Added "except as you are otherwise instructed" to the end of the instruction.

    NOTE REVISION:  Added note concerning change noted above.

1.25    UNANIMITY OF THEORY

    INSTRUCTION REVISION:  2nd paragraph, changed from two to three the number of ways the defendant can commit the crime.  Deleted "or the other" from the second sentence of the 3rd paragraph. 

    NOTE REVSION:  Added reference to Richardson v. United States, 119 S.Ct. 1707 (1999), United States v. Meshack, 225 F.3d 556 (5th Cir. 2000) and United States v. Narvez-Guerra, 148 F.3d 530 (5th Cir.).

1.28    ENTRAPMENT

    NOTE REVISION:  Added reference to United States v. Wise, 221 F.3d 140 (5th Cir. 2000), United States v. Brace, 145 F.3d 247 (5th Cir.) and United States v. Hollingsworth, 27 F.3d 1196, 1200 (7th Cir. 1994).

1.30    SIMILAR ACTS

    NOTE REVISION:  Added first, third and fourth paragraphs.  Added reference to United States v. LeBaron, 156 F.3d 621, 626 (5th Cir. 1998), United States v. Chiak, 137 F.3d 252, 257-58 n. 3 (5th Cir.), United States v. West, 22 F.3d 586, 595 (5th Cir.), United States v. Hernandez-Guevara, 162 F.3d 863 (5th Cir. 1998), and United States v. Peterson, 244 F.3d 385 (5th Cir. 2001).

1.32    ATTEMPT

    NOTE REVISION:  Added first paragraph and reference to United States v. Crow, 164 F.3d 229, 235 (5thCir. 1999), United States v. Fuller, 974 F.2d 1474, 1478 (5th Cir. 1993), and United States v. Contreras, 950 F.2d 232, 236-37 (5th Cir. 1991).

1.33    LESSER INCLUDED OFFENSE

    NOTE REVISION:  Added reference to Carter v. United States, 120 S.Ct. 2159 (2000) and United States v. Estrada-Fernandez, 150 F.3d 491, 494 (5th Cir. 1998).

1.34    INSANITY

    NOTE REVISION:  Added reference to United States v. Dixon, 185 F.3d 393 (5th Cir. 1999).

1.36    JUSTIFICATION, DURESS, OR COERCION

    NOTE REVISION:  Added reference to United States v. Wyly, 193 F.3d 289, 300 (5th Cir. 1999), United States v. Posada-Rios, 158 F.3d 832, 873 (5th Cir. 1998) and United States v. Lambert, 984 F.2d 658 (5th Cir. 1993).  Changed reference to Manual of Model Criminal Jury Instructions for the Ninth Circuit, from § 6.04.02 (West 1994) to § 6.5 (West 2000).

1.37    "KNOWINGLY"--TO ACT

    NOTE REVISION:  Added first, fourth and sixth paragraph and references to United States v. Brown, 186 F.3d 661, 665 (5th Cir. 1999), United States v. Jobe, 101 F.3d 1046, 1059 (5th Cir. 1996), United States v. Aggrawal, 17 F.3d 737, 744 (5th Cir. 1994), United States v. Cano-Guel, 167 F.3d 900 (5th Cir. 1999), United States v. Peterson, 244 F.3d 385 (5th Cir.), United States v. Sharpe, 193 F.3d 852 (5th Cir. 1999), United States v. Moreno, 185 F.3d 465 (5th Cir. 1999), United States v. Threadgill, 172 F.3d 357 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 120 S.Ct. 172 (1999),United States v. Reveles, 190 F.3d 678, 686 (5th Cir. 1999), and United States v. Reissig, 186 F.3d 617 (5th Cir. 1999).

1.38    "WILLFULLY"--TO ACT

    NOTE REVISION:   Added reference to United States v. Arditti, 955 F.2d 331, 340 (5th Cir. 1992), replaced paragraphs 8-14 with the last paragraph and reference to Bryan v. United States, 118 S.Ct. 1939 (1998), United States v. Giraldi, 86 F.3d 1368, 1376 (5th Cir. 1996) and United States v. Davis, 132 F.3d 1092, 1094 (5th Cir. 1998). Deleted reference to United States v. Wisenbaker, 14 F3d 1022, 1025 (5th Cir. 1994).

1.39    INTERSTATE COMMERCE--DEFINED

    NOTE REVISION:  Deleted first paragraph and reference to United States v. Parker, 73 F3d 48 (5th Cir. 1996).  Added reference to United States v. Hebert, 131 F.3d 514, 521-22 (5th Cir. 1997) and United States v. Miles, 122 F.3d 235, 239-40 (5th Cir. 1997).

1.40    FOREIGN COMMERCE--DEFINED

    NOTE REVISION:  Deleted second paragraph concerning United States v. Gaudin, 115 S.Ct. 2310 (1995) and United States v. Parker, 73 F3d 48 (5th Cir. 1996).

1.43    NEW INSTRUCTION -- SUMMARIES AND CHARTS NOT RECEIVED IN EVIDENCE

1.44    NEW INSTRUCTION -- SUMMARIES AND CHARTS RECEIVED IN EVIDENCE

1.45    MODIFIED "ALLEN" CHARGE

    INSTRUCTION REVISION:  Change in numbering (formerly 1.43).

    NOTE REVISION:  Deleted reference to Lowenfield v. Phelps, 484 US 231, 237 (1988), Pattern Criminal Jury Instructions, U.S. Sixth Circuit District Judges Association, pp. 214-15 (1991) and United States v. Tanios, 82 F3d 98 (5th Cir. 1996).  Added reference to United States v. Winters, 105 F.3d 200, 203-04 (5th Cir. 1997) and United States v. Clayton, 172 F.3d 347, 352 (5th Cir. 1999).

2.01    FOOD STAMP CRIMES (7 USC 2024(b))

    INSTRUCTION REVISION:  First paragraph, first sentence, added "to use" before "[transfer] [acquire]"...  Third paragraph, added "used" before "[transferred] [acquired]" and added "[authorization cards] [access devices]"...  Fifth paragraph, added "[authorization cards] [access devices]"... and "[$5,000] [$______]"...  Sixth paragraph, added "[to use, " before "transfer..." and "authorization cards or access devices." Seventh paragraph, added "authorization cards or access devices."

    NOTE REVISION:  Added first and second paragraph re: Apprendi v. New Jersey, 120 S.Ct. 2348 (2000).  Added references to United States v. Barnes, 117 F.3d 328, 333 (7th Cir. 1997) and United States v. Bryan, 118 S.Ct. 1939 (1998).

2.02    BRINGING IN ALIENS (8 USC 1324(a)(1)(A)(i))

    NOTE REVISION:  Added second paragraph and reference to 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(1)(B)(i), 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(1)(B)(iii), 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(1)(B)(iv) and Apprendi v. New Jersey, 120 S.Ct. 2348 (2000).

2.03    UNLAWFULLY TRANSPORTING ALIENS (8 USC 1324(a)(1)(A)(ii))

    INSTRUCTION REVISION:  Moved Second Element to Third and moved Third Element to Second.

    NOTE REVISION:  Deleted reference to United States v. Merkt, 764 F2d 266 (5th Cir. 1985) and United States v. Parmelee, 42 F3d 387, 391 (7th Cir.1994).  Added reference to United States v. Parmelee, 42 F3d 387, 391 (7th Cir.1994).  Added second paragraph and reference to Apprendi v. New Jersey, 120 S.Ct. 2348 (2000).

2.04    CONCEALING OR HARBORING ALIENS (8 USC 1324(a)(1)(A)(iii))

    INSTRUCTION REVISION:  Second element, added "[sheltered from detection]."  Added Fourth Element.

    NOTE REVISION:  Added Note.

2.05    ILLEGAL REENTRY FOLLOWING DEPORTATION (8 USC 1326(a))

    INSTRUCTION REVISION:  Second Element, deleted "arrested and deported" and added "denied admission [excluded] [removed] [deported]."  Third Element, added "knowingly" before "entered."

    NOTE REVISION:  Replaced Note, noting that as of April 1, 1997, arrest is no longer an element of the crime.

2.06    AIDING AND ABETTING (AGENCY) (18 USC 2)

    INSTRUCTION REVISION:  First paragraph, second sentence, replaced "by that person" with "by him."  Added paragraphs 6-12.

    NOTE REVISION:  Added reference to United States v. Lombardi,138 F.3d 559 (5th Cir. 1998); United States v. Sorrells, 145 F.3d 744 (5th Cir. 1998).  Added second paragraph and references to United States v. Garcia, 242 F.3d 593, 596 (5thCir. 2001), United States v. Montgomery, 210 F.3d 446 (5th Cir. 2000.); United States v. De Le Rosa, 171 F.3d 215 (5th Cir. 1999), United States v. Reliford, 210 F.3d 282 (5th Cir. 2000), United States v. Meshack, 225 F.3d 556 (5th Cir. 2000), and United States v. Stewart, 145 F.3d 273 (5th Cir. 1998).

2.07    ACCESSORY AFTER THE FACT (18 USC 3)

    INSTRUCTION REVISION:  First, Second, Third Elements and last paragraph, changed "offender" to "principal."

    NOTE REVISION:  Added second and third paragraphs and references to United States v. Balano, 618 F.2d 624 (10th Cir. 1979), United States v. De La Rosa, 171 F.3d 215 (5thCir. 1999), and United States v. Harris, 104 F.3d 1465 (5th Cir. 1997).

2.09    ASSAULTING A FEDERAL OFFICER (18 USC 111)

    INSTRUCTION REVISION:  Fourth Element, added "or inflicted bodily injury."  Eighth paragraph, changed "includes any object capable of being readily used by one person to inflict sever bodily injury upon another person" to "includes any object capable of inflicting death or serious bodily injury," and added "The term 'bodily injury' means an injury that is painful and obvious, or is of a type for which medical attention ordinarily would be sought.]"

    NOTE REVISION:  Added first, second, fifth and sixth paragraphs and references to United States v. Ramirez, 233 F.3d 318 (5th Cir. 2000), United States v. Nunez, 180 F.3d 227 (5th Cir. 1999), United States v. Williamson, 482 F.2d 508, 513 (5th Cir. 1973), United States v. Moore, 958 F.2d 646 (5th Cir. 1992) and United States v. Murphy, 35 F.3d 143 (4th Cir. 1994).

2.12    BRIBERY OF A PUBLIC OFFICIAL (18 USC 201(b)(1))

    INSTRUCTION REVISION:  Minor changes in bracketing.

    NOTE REVISION:  Added references to United States v. Thomas, 240 F.3d 445, 446-48 (5th Cir. 2001), United States v. Parker, 133 F.3d 322, 325-26 (5th Cir. 1998), and United States v. Pankhurst, 118 F.3d 345, 351 (5th Cir. 1997).

2.13    RECEIVING BRIBE BY PUBLIC OFFICIAL (18 USC 201(b)(2))

    NOTE REVISION:  Added reference to United States v. Thomas, 240 F.3d 445, 446-48 (5th Cir. 2001), United States v. Parker, 133 F.3d 322, 325-26 (5th Cir. 1998), United States v. Brunson, 882 F.2d 151, 154 (5th Cir. 1989) and 18 U.S.C. § 215.

2.14    ILLEGAL GRATUITY TO A PUBLIC OFFICIAL (18 USC 201(c)(1)(A))

    NOTE REVISION:  Deleted reference to United States v. Evans, 572 F2d 455, 479-81 (5th Cir. 1978) and United v. Bustamante, 45 F3d 933, 939-41 (5th Cir.1995) and added reference to United States v. Thomas, 240 F.3d 445, 446-48 (5th Cir. 2001), United States v. Parker, 133 F.3d 322, 325-26 (5th Cir. 1998) and United States v. Sun-Diamond Growers of California, 119 S.Ct. 1402, 1411 (1999).

2.16    BRIBERY OR REWARD OF A BANK OFFICER (18 USC 215(a)(1))

    NOTE REVISION:  Deleted reference to the Economic Espionage Act, Pub. L. No. 104-294, § 606(a), 110 Stat. 3488 (Oct. 11, 1996) [established that more than $1,000 must be proven as an element of this offense if a felony conviction is sought. Prior to the effective date of the EEA, the dollar threshold for proof of a felony crime was more than $100] and added current Note.

2.17    CONSPIRACY TO DEPRIVE PERSON OF CIVIL RIGHTS (18 USC 241)

    INSTRUCTION REVISION:  First Element, deleted "I will define [have already defined] 'conspiracy;'"

    NOTE REVISION:  Minor changes to first paragraph.  Last paragraph, added reference to 18 U.S.C. § 241.

2.19    FALSE CLAIMS AGAINST THE GOVERNMENT (18 USC 287)

    INSTRUCTION REVISION:  Added Third Element and "A claim is 'material' if it has a natural tendency to influence, or is capable of influencing, the agency to which it was addressed."

    NOTE REVISION:  Deleted reference to United States v. Okoronkwo, 46 F3d 426 (5th Cir.1995) and replaced it with United States v. Burns, 162 F.3d 840, 850 (5th Cir. 1998).  Added reference to Neder v. United States, 119 S.Ct. 1827, 1841 (1999) and United States v. Foster, 229 F.3d 1196, 1196 n.2 (5th Cir. 2000).

2.20    CONSPIRACY (18 USC 371)

    NOTE REVISION:  First paragraph, deleted reference to United States v. Krenning, 93 F3d 1257 (5th Cir.1996) and replaced it with references to United States v. Peterson, 244 F.3d 385, 389 (5th Cir. 2001), United States v. Richards, 204 F.3d 177, 208 (5th Cir. 2000), and United States v. Soape, 169 F.3d 257, 264 (5th Cir. 1999).  Last paragraph, added reference to Instruction Nos. 2.21 and 2.22.

2.21    MULTIPLE CONSPIRACIES

    NOTE REVISION:  Replaced Note.  Deleted reference to United States v. Erwin, 793 F2d 656, 662 (5th Cir.1986) and added references to United States v. Cyprian, 197 F.3d 736, 741 (5th Cir. 1999), United States v. Gallardo-Trapero, 185 F.3d 307, 315-317 (5th Cir. 1999), United States v. Morgan, 117 F.3d 849, 858-59 (5th Cir. 1997), United States v. Fields, 72 F.3d 1200, 1210-11 (5th Cir. 1996), United States v. Morris, 46 F.3d 410, 415-17 (5th Cir. 1995), United States v. Castillo, 77 F.3d 1480, 1491-92 (5th Cir. 1996), United States v. Thomas, 12 F3d 1350, 1357 n.4 (5th Cir. 1994), United States v. Pena-Rodriguez, 110 F.3d 1120, 1128-29 & 1129 n.9 (5th Cir. 1997), United States v. Puig-Infante, 19 F.3d 929, 936-37 (5th Cir. 1994) and United States v. Royal, 972 F.2d 643, 648 (5th Cir. 1992).

2.23    WITHDRAWAL INSTRUCTION

    NOTE REVISION:  Deleted reference to United States v. Shabani, 513 US 10, ____, 115 S.Ct. 382, 383, 130 L.Ed.2d 225 (1994).  Added second paragraph and references to United States v. Schorovsky, 202 F.3d 727, 729 (5th Cir. 2000), United States v. Mann, 161 F.3d 840, 859-60 (5th Cir. 1998), United States v. Torres, 114 F.3d 520, 525 (5th Cir. 1997). Last paragraph added reference to United States v. Pettigrew, 77 F.3d 1500, 1514-15 (5th Cir. 1996).

2.24    COUNTERFEITING (18 USC 471)

    NOTE REVISION:  Added Note and reference to Ninth Circuit Criminal Jury Instruction No. 8.22 (West 2000), 18 U.S.C. § 473, United States v. Scott, 159 F.3d 916, 920-21 (5th Cir. 1998), United States v Turner, 586 F.2d 395, 397 (5th Cir. 1978), and United States v. Smith, 318 F.2d 94, 95 (4thCir. 1963).

2.25    PASSING COUNTERFEIT SECURITIES OR OBLIGATIONS (18 USC 472)

    NOTE REVISION:  Added paragraphs 2-4 and references to Ninth Circuit Criminal Jury Instruction No. 8.23 (West 2000), 18 U.S.C. § 473, United States v. Scott, 159 F.3d 916, 920-21 (5th Cir. 1998), United States v Turner, 586 F.2d 395, 397 (5th Cir. 1978), and United States v. Smith, 318 F.2d 94, 95 (4thCir. 1963).

2.26    FORGERY AGAINST THE UNITED STATES (18 USC 495 First Paragraph)

    INSTRUCTION REVISION:  First Element, changed "e.g., forged a U.S. Treasury check" to "e.g., forged a power of attorney."

    NOTE REVISION:  Added Note and references to 18 U.S.C. § 510, United States v. Cavada, 821 F.2d 1046 (5thCir. 1987), United States v. Forbes, 816 F.2d 1006, 1012 n.9 (5th Cir. 1987).

 2.27    UTTERING A FORGED WRITING TO DEFRAUD THE UNITED STATES (18 USC 495 Second Paragraph)

    INSTRUCTION REVISION:  First Element, added "and in doing so stated or implied, directly or indirectly, that the _________ [e.g., check] was genuine;"

    NOTE REVISION:  Added Note and references to United States v. Hall, 845 F.2d 1281, 1284-85 (5th Cir. 1988), and United States v. Smith, 631 F.2d 391, 396 (5th Cir. 1980).

2.28    FORGING ENDORSEMENT ON A TREASURY CHECK, BOND, OR SECURITY OF THE UNITED STATES (18 USC 510(a)(1)) 

    INSTRUCTION REVISION:  Second Element, changed "any money" to "any thing of value."

    NOTE REVISION:  Deleted reference to the Economic Espionage Act, Pub. L. No. 104-294, § 606(b), 110 Stat. 3488 (Oct. 11, 1996) [established that more than $1,000 must be proven as an element of this offense if a felony conviction is sought. Prior to the effective date of the EEA, the dollar threshold for proof of a felony crime was more than $500].  

2.30    SMUGGLING (18 USC 545 First Paragraph)

    INSTRUCTION REVISION:  Added "defraud the United States by avoiding" before "the United States custom laws..."  Added the Sixth paragraph.

    NOTE REVISION:  First paragraph, added reference to Leary v. United States, 89 S.Ct. 1532 (1969) and Turner v. United States, 90 S.Ct. 642 (1970).  Second paragraph, added reference to United States v. Ahmad, 213 F.3d 805 (4th Cir. 2000) and United States v. Robinson, 147 F.3d 851 (9th Cir. 1998).

2.31    ILLEGAL IMPORATION (18 USC 545 Second Paragraph)

    NOTE REVISION:  Added reference to knowledge element.  Modified paragraphs 3-6 and deleted references to United States v. Kenaan, 496 F2d 181, 184 (1st Cir.1974), Turner v. United States, 396 US 398, 90 S.Ct. 642, 24 L.Ed.2d 610 (1970), United States v. Bentley, 875 F2d 1114 (5th Cir.1989) and Carella v. California, 491 US 263, 109 S.Ct. 2419, 105 L.Ed.2d 218 (1989).

2.32    EXPORTATION OF STOLEN VEHICLES (18 USC 553 First Paragraph)

    INSTRUCTION REVISION:  Added after Second Element: "To 'export' ['import'] means to send or carry from one country to another."

2.33    THEFT OF GOVERNMENT MONEY OR PROPERTY (18 USC 641 First Paragraph)

    NOTE REVISION:  Added third paragraph.  Deleted reference to the Economic Espionage Act, Pub. L. No. 104-294, § 606(a), 110 Stat. 3488 (Oct. 11, 1996) [established that more than $1,000 must be proven as an element of this offense if a felony conviction is sought. Prior to the effective date of the EEA, the dollar threshold for proof of a felony crime was more than $100].

2.34    THEFT OR EMBEZZLEMENT BY BANK OFFICER OR EMPLOYEE (18 USC 656)

    NOTE REVISION:  Second paragraph, added reference to United States v. Adamson, 700 F.2d 953 (5th Cir. 1983), Willis v. United States, 87 F.3d 1004 (8th Cir. 1996), United States v. Crabtree, 979 F.2d 1261 (7th Cir. 1992), United States v. Hoffman, 918 F.2d 44 (6th Cir. 1990), and United States v. Kington, 875 F.2d 1091 (5th Cir. 1989). Third paragraph, added reference to United States v. Hogue, 132 F. 3d 1087 (5th Cir. 1998).  Deleted reference to the Economic Espionage Act, Pub. L. No. 104-294, § 606(a), 110 Stat. 3488 (Oct. 11, 1996) [established that more than $1,000 must be proven as an element of this offense if a felony conviction is sought. Prior to the effective date of the EEA, the dollar threshold for proof of a felony crime was more than $100].  Added paragraphs 5-6 and references to United States v. McCright, 821 F.2d. 226 (5th Cir. 1987), United States v. Parks, 68 F.3d. 860 (5th Cir. 1995), and United States v. Rochester, 898 F. 2d 971 (5th Cir. 1990).

2.36    THEFT FROM INTERSTATE SHIPMENT (18 USC 659 First Paragraph)

    NOTE REVISION:  Replaced Note and added references to County Court of Ulster County v. Allen, 99 S.Ct. 2213, 2224 (1979) and Leary v. United States, 89 S.Ct. 1532 (1969).  Added reference to Instruction Nos. 1.39, 1.40, and 1.41.  Deleted reference to the The Economic Espionage Act, Pub. L. No. 104-294, § 606(a), 110 Stat. 3488 (Oct. 11, 1996) [established that more than $1,000 must be proven as an element of this offense if a felony conviction is sought. Prior to the effective date of the EEA, the dollar threshold for proof of a felony crime was more than $100].

2.37    BUYING OR RECEIVING GOODS STOLEN FROM INTERSTATE SHIPMENT (18 USC 659 Second Paragraph)

    NOTE REVISION:  Replaced Note and added reference to Instruction No. 2.36, 1.39, 1.40 and 1.41.  Deleted reference to the The Economic Espionage Act, Pub. L. No. 104-294, § 606(a), 110 Stat. 3488 (Oct. 11, 1996) [established that more than $1,000 must be proven as an element of this offense if a felony conviction is sought. Prior to the effective date of the EEA, the dollar threshold for proof of a felony crime was more than $100].

2.38    ESCAPE (18 USC 751(a))

    NOTE REVISION:  Added second paragraph and reference to United States v. Harper, 901 F.2d 471, 474 (1990).

2.39    AIDING AN ESCAPE (18 USC 752(a))

    INSTRUCTION REVISION:  Instruction deleted.

2.39    THREATS AGAINST THE PRESIDENT (18 USC 871)

    INSTRUCTION REVISION: Change in numbering (formerly 2.40).  First paragraph, changed "for anyone willfully to make a threat" to "for anyone knowingly and willfully to make a threat."

    NOTE REVISION:   Added reference to United States v. Myers, 104 F.3d 76 (5th Cir. 1997) and United States v. Howell, 719 F.2d 1258 (5th Cir. 1983)).

2.40    INTERSTATE TRANSMISSION OF EXTORTIONATE COMMUNICATION (18 USC 875(b))

    INSTRUCTION REVISION: Change in numbering (formerly 2.41).  

    NOTE REVISION:  Added reference to Instruction Nos. 2.39, 2.41 and 2.58.  Deleted reference to United States v. Pascucci, 943 F2d 1032 (9th Cir.1991).

2.41    MAILING THREATENING COMMUNICATIONS (18 USC 876 Second Paragraph)

    INSTRUCTION REVISION: Change in numbering (formerly 2.42).  

    NOTE REVISION:  Added reference to Instruction Nos. 2.39, 2.40 and 2.58.

2.42    MISREPRESENTATION OF CITIZENSHIP (18 USC 911)

    INSTRUCTION REVISION: Change in numbering (formerly 2.43).

    NOTE REVISION:  Added reference to United States v. Romero-Avila, 210 F.3d 1017 (9th Cir. 2000).

2.43    FALSE IMPERSONATION OF FEDERAL OFFICER OR EMPLOYEE--DEMANDING OR OBTAINING ANYTHING OF VALUE (18 USC 912)

    INSTRUCTION REVISION: Change in numbering (formerly 2.44).

    NOTE REVISION:  First paragraph, deleted reference to Honea v. United States, 344 F2d 798 (5th Cir.1965).  Second paragraph, added reference to Honea v. United States, 344 F2d 798 (5th Cir.1965) and United States v. Randolph, 460 F.2d 367 (5th Cir.1972).

2.44    DEALING IN FIREARMS WITH LICENSE (18 USC 922(a)(1)(A))

     INSTRUCTION REVISION: Change in numbering (formerly 2.45).  First Element, changed "That the defendant engaged in the business of dealing in firearms;" to "That the defendant was a dealer in firearms on _________ [date], engaged in the business of selling firearms at wholesale or retail;"  Third Element, changed "That the defendant did so willfully, that is, that the defendant acted with knowledge of the obligation to obtain a license and intended to violate the law." to "That the defendant did so willfully, that is, that the defendant was dealing in firearms with knowledge that his conduct was unlawful."  Omitted seventh paragraph defining "dealer."

    NOTE REVISION:  Second paragraph, deleted reference to United States v. Shirling, 572 F2d 532 (5th Cir.1978).  Last paragraph, deleted reference to United States v. Hayden, 64 F3d 126, 130 (3d Cir.1995), United States v. Obiechie, 38 F3d 309, 315 (7th Cir.1994) and United States v. Collins, 957 F2d 72, 76 (2d Cir. 1992) and added reference to United States v. Bryan, 118 S.Ct. 1939 (1998), and United States v. Rodriguez, 132 F.2d 208 (5th Cir. 1997).

2.45    FALSE STATEMENT TO FIREARMS DEALER (18 USC 922(a)(6))

    INSTRUCTION REVISION: Change in numbering (formerly 2.46).  

    NOTE REVISION:  Added reference to United States v. Harvard, 103 F.3d 412, 419 (5th Cir. 1997).  Added second paragraph and reference to United States v. Guerrero, 234 F.3d 259 (5th Cir. 2000).

2.46    UNLAWFUL SALE OR DISPOSITION OF FIREARM (18 USC 922(d))

    INSTRUCTION REVISION: Change in numbering (formerly 2.47).  Minor changes to first paragraph (change from "i.e.," to "e.g.").  Second Element, changed "At the time of the sale, that the defendant knew or had reasonable cause to believe that _______________ was [a member of a prohibited category, i.e., a convicted felon]." to "That at the time of the sale, _________ was [a person in a prohibited category, e.g., a convicted felon]; and"  Added Third Element.

2.47    POSSESSION OF A FIREARM BY A CONVICTED FELON (18 USC 922(g)(1))

    INSTRUCTION REVISION: Change in numbering (formerly 2.48).  First Element, deleted "The term "firearm" means any weapon that will or is designed to or may readily be converted to expel a projectile by the action of an explosive. The term "firearm" also includes the frame or receiver of any such weapon, or any firearm muffler or firearm silencer, or destructive device;" and made it Third Element. 

    NOTE REVISION:  First paragraph, added reference to United States v. Ferguson, 211 F.3d 878 (5th Cir. 2000).  Third paragraph added reference to United States v. Richardson, 168 F.3d 836 (5th Cir. 1999).  Added fourth paragraph and reference to Instruction No. 1.31 and United States v. DeLeon, 170 F.3d 495 (5th Cir. 1999).

2.48    USING/CARRYING A FIREARM DURING COMMISSION OF A DRUG TRAFFICKING CRIME OR CRIME OF VIOLENCE (18 USC 924(c)(1))

    INSTRUCTION REVISION: Change in numbering (formerly 2.49). First paragraph, changed "Title 18, United States Code, Section 924(c)(1), makes it a crime for anyone to use [carry] a firearm during and in relation to a drug trafficking crime [crime of violence]." to "Title 18, United States Code, Section 924(c)(1), makes it a crime for anyone to use or carry a firearm during and in relation to a drug trafficking crime [crime of violence] or to possess a firearm in furtherance of such a crime."  Second Element, changed "That the defendant knowingly used [carried] a firearm during and in relation to the defendant's alleged commission of the crime charged in Count ___." to "That the defendant knowingly used [carried] a firearm during and in relation to [knowingly possessed a firearm in furtherance of] the defendant's alleged commission of the crime charged in Count ___." Fifth, sixth and eighth paragraphs, added "[crime of violence]" after "drug trafficking crime."  Added seventh paragraph.

    NOTE REVISION:  Replaced Note.  Deleted reference to United States v. Wilson, 77 F3d 105, 110 (5th Cir.1996), Smith v. United States, 508 US 223, 113 S.Ct. 2050, 124 L.Ed.2d 138 (1993), United States v. Brown, 102 F3d 1390 (5th Cir.1996), United States v. Ulloa, 94 F3d 949 (5th Cir.1996), United States v. Johnson, 87 F3d 133 (5th Cir.1996), United States v. Garcia, 86 F3d 394 (5th Cir.1996), United States v. Rivas, 85 F3d 193 (5th Cir.1996), United States v. Andrade, 83 F3d 729 (5th Cir.1996), United States v. Fike, 82 F3d 1315 (5th Cir.1996), United States v. Wilson, 77 F3d 105 (5th Cir.1996).  Added reference to Criminal Use of Guns Act, Pub.L. No. 105-386, § 1(a)(1), 112 Stat. 3469 (1998), United States v. Ceballos-Torres, 218 F.3d 409 (5th Cir. 2000), United States v. Jones, 172 F.3d 381 (5thCir. 1999), United States v. Brown, 161 F.3d 256 (5th Cir. 1998), United States v. Chavez, 119 F.3d 342 (5th Cir. 1997), United States v. Sanders, 157 F.3d 302 (5th Cir. 1998), United States v. Mendoza, 11 F.3d 126 (9thCir. 1993), United States v. Jennings, 195 F.3d 795 (5th Cir.1999), United States v. Barton, 2001 WL 765829 (5th Cir. 2001), United States v. Sias, 227 F.3d 244, 247 (5th Cir. 2000), United States v. Sandoval, 241 F.3d 549 (7th Cir. 2001),  United States v. Bandy, 239 F.3d 802 (6th Cir. 2001), Apprendi v. New Jersey, 120 S.Ct. 2348 (2000), Instruction No. 1.31.

2.49    FALSE STATEMENTS TO FEDERAL AGENCIES AND AGENTS (18 USC 1001)

    INSTRUCTION REVISION: Change in numbering (formerly 2.50).  First paragraph, changed "Title 18, United States Code, Section 1001, makes it a crime for anyone to knowingly and willfully make a false or fraudulent statement to a department or agency of the United States." to "Title 18, United States Code, Section 1001, makes it a crime for anyone to knowingly and willfully make a false or fraudulent statement in any matter within the jurisdiction of the executive, legislative, or judicial branch of the Government of the United States."  First Element, changed "That the defendant made a false statement to _______ [name department or agency of United States government];" to "That the defendant made a false statement to _______ [name department or agency of United States government] regarding a matter within its jurisdiction;"

    NOTE REVISION:  First paragraph, deleted reference to The False Statements Accountability Act of 1996, Pub. L. No. 104-292, § 2, 110 Stat. 3459, (Oct. 11, 1996).  Added reference to United States v. Oakar, 111 F.3d 146 (D.C. Cir. 1997).  Third paragraph, added reference to Brogan v. United States, 118 S.Ct. 805 (1998).  5th paragraph, added reference to United States v. Shaw, 44 F.3d 285 (5th Cir. 1995).

2.50    FALSE STATEMENTS IN BANK RECORDS (18 USC 1005 Third Paragraph)

    INSTRUCTION REVISION: Change in numbering (formerly 2.51).  First paragraph, added "[name bank]."

    NOTE REVISION:  Second paragraph, added reference to United States v. Campbell, 64 F.3d 967 (5th Cir. 1995) and United States v. McCord, 33 F.3d 1434 (5th Cir. 1994).  Deleted fourth paragraph and reference to United States v. Wells, ____ U.S .____ 117 S.Ct. 921, 137 L.Ed.2d 107 (1997) and United States v. Jobe, 101 F3d 1046, 1061 (5th Cir.1996).

2.51    FALSE STATEMENT TO A BANK (18 USC 1014)

    INSTRUCTION REVISION: Change in numbering (formerly 2.52).  

    NOTE REVISION:  First paragraph, added reference to United States v. Dupre, 117 F.3d 810 (5th Cir. 1997).  Added fifth paragraph and reference to United States v. Huntress, 956 F.2d 1309 (5th Cir. 1992).

2.52    PRODUCTION OF FALSE DOCUMENT WITH INTENT TO DEFRAUD UNITED STATES (18 USC 1028(a)(1))

    INSTRUCTION REVISION: Change in numbering (formerly 2.53).  Title changed from "Possession Of False Document..." to "Production Of False Document..."  First paragraph, changed "Title 18, United States Code, Section 1028(a)(4), makes it a crime for anyone knowingly to possess a false identification document [an identification document other than one issued lawfully for the use of the possessor] with the intent that such document be used to defraud the United States." to "Title 18, United States Code, Section 1028(a)(1), makes it a crime for anyone knowingly and without lawful authority to produce an identification document or a false identification document under certain specified circumstances."  First Element, changed "That the defendant knowingly possessed an identification document;" to "That the defendant knowingly produced an identification document [a false identification document];"  Second Element, changed "That the document was a false identification document [That the document was not issued lawfully for the use of the defendant]; and" to "That he did so without lawful authority; and"  Third Element, changed "That the defendant possessed the document with the intent that it be used to defraud the United States." to "That the identification document [false identification document] is or appears to be issued by or under the authority of the United States."  Added Alternative Third Elements.

    NOTE REVISION:  Added Note with references to United States v. Villarreal, No. 99-41095, 2001 WL 641519, at *3 (5th Cir. June 11, 2001), Apprendi v. New Jersey, 120 S.Ct. 2348 (2000), Instruction Nos. 1.39, 1.40, and 1.41.

2.53    USE OF UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS DEVICE (18 USC 1029(a)(2))

    INSTRUCTION REVISION: Change in numbering (formerly 2.54).  Minor change to Second Element (added (date)).

    NOTE REVISION:  Minor changes.  Added fourth paragraph and reference to United States v. Soape, 169 F.3d 257 (5th Cir. 1999), cert denied, 119 S.Ct. 2353 (1999).

2.54    TRANSMISSION OF WAGERING INFORMATION (18 USC 1084)

    INSTRUCTION REVISION: Change in numbering (formerly 2.55).  First Element, changed "That the defendant was in the business of betting or wagering. By this I mean the defendant was prepared on a regular basis to accept bets placed by others—that is, that the defendant was a 'bookie;'" to "That the defendant was in the business of betting or wagering. That is, the defendant was prepared on a regular basis to accept bets placed by others;"  Second Element, added "[describe the event]".  

2.55    MURDER (FIRST DEGREE) (18 USC 1111)

    INSTRUCTION REVISION: Change in numbering (formerly 2.56).  First Element, changed "That the defendant killed _______ without lawful justification;" to "That the defendant unlawfully killed _______;"  Minor changes in punctuation.

    NOTE REVISION:  Third paragraph, added reference to Lizama v. United States Parole Commission, 245 F.3d 503 (5th Cir. 2001).  Fourth paragraph, added reference to United States v. Browner, 889 F.2d 549 (5th Cir. 1989).  Fifth paragraph, added reference to United States v. Branch, 91 F.3d 699 (5th Cir. 1997).

2.56    MURDER (SECOND DEGREE) (18 USC 1111)

      INSTRUCTION REVISION: Change in numbering (formerly 2.57).  First Element, changed "That the defendant killed _______ without lawful justification;" to "That the defendant unlawfully killed _______ ;"  Minor changes in punctuation.

    NOTE REVISION:  Added second paragraph and references to United States v. Browner, 889 F.2d 549 (5th Cir. 1989); United States v. Harrelson, 766 F.2d 186 (5th Cir. 1985). Third paragraph, added reference to United States v. Branch, 91 F.3d 699 (5th Cir.).  Added fourth paragraph and reference to Lizama v. United States Parole Commission, 245 F.3d 503 (5th Cir. 2001).

2.57    VOLUNTARY MANSLAUGHTER (18 USC 1112)

    INSTRUCTION REVISION: Change in numbering (formerly 2.58).  First paragraph, changed "Title 18, United States Code, Section 1112, makes it a crime for anyone to cause the death of another human being without malice." to "Title 18, United States Code, Section 1112, makes it a crime for anyone to unlawfully kill another human being, without malice."  First Element, changed "That the defendant caused the death of _______;" to "That the defendant unlawfully killed _______;"  Second Element, changed "That the defendant did so without malice, upon a sudden quarrel or heat of passion; and" to "That the defendant did so without malice, that is, upon a sudden quarrel or heat of passion; and"  Added sixth paragraph.

    NOTE REVISION:  Added reference to United States v. Browner, 889 F.2d 549 (5th Cir. 1989) and Lizama v. United States Parole Commission, 245 F.3d 503 (5th Cir. 2001).

2.58    KIDNAPPING (18 USC 1201(a)(1))

     INSTRUCTION REVISION: Change in numbering (formerly 2.59).  Second Element, changed "That the defendant held such person for ransom [reward] [some benefit] that the defendant intended to derive from the kidnapping; and" to "That the defendant kidnapped the person for some purpose or benefit;"  Third Element, changed to "That the defendant intentionally transported such person in interstate commerce while so kidnapped [confined] [inveigled]." to "That the defendant willfully transported such person while so kidnapped [confined] [inveigled]; and"  Added Fourth Element.  Added ninth and tenth paragraph.  

    NOTE REVISION:  Added first paragraph with reference to Apprendi v. New Jersey, 120 S.Ct. 2348 (2000). Third paragraph, added reference to United States v. Webster, 162 F.3d 308 (5th Cir. 1999).  Deleted reference to United States v. De La Rosa, 911 F2d 985 (5th Cir.1990) and United States v. Osborne, 68 F3d 94 (5th Cir.1995).  Added reference to United States v. Davis, 19 F.3d 166, 169-70 (5th Cir. 1994), United States v. Barksdale-Contreras, 972 F.2d 111, 114 (5th Cir. 1992), United States v. Bankston, 603 F.2d 528, 532 (5th Cir. 1979).  Added fourth paragraph with reference to United States v. De La Rosa, 911 F2d 985 (5th Cir.1990).  Added fifth paragraph with references to United States v. Moore, 571 F.2d 76 (2d Cir. 1978), County Court of Ulster County v. Allen, 99 S.Ct. 2213, 2224 (1979); Leary v. United States, 89 S.Ct. 1532 (1969).  Sixth paragraph, added reference to United States v. Wesson, 779 F.2d 1443, 1444 (9th Cir. 1986), and United States v. Hoog, 504 F.2d 45, 50-51 (8th Cir. 1974).  Added last paragraph and reference to United States v. Barton, 2001 WL 767829 (5th Cir. July 9, 2001).

2.59    MAIL FRAUD (18 USC 1341)

    INSTRUCTION REVISION: Change in numbering (formerly 2.60).  Second Element, changed "specific intent to commit fraud" to "specific intent to defraud."  Added Fourth and Fifth Elements.  Added tenth paragraph.  Eleventh paragraph, changed "A representation may be "false" when it constitutes a half truth, or effectively conceals a material fact, provided it is made with intent to defraud." to "A representation is "false" if it is known to be untrue or is made with reckless indifference as to its truth or falsity. A representation would also be "false" when it constitutes a half truth, or effectively omits or conceals a material fact, provided it is made with intent to defraud."  Added twelfth paragraph.  Thirteenth paragraph, changed "material mailed" to "mailed material."  Fourteenth paragraph, deleted "United States" before "mails."

    NOTE REVISION:  Added first paragraph with reference to Apprendi v. New Jersey, 120 S.Ct. 2348 (2000).  Second paragraph, deleted reference to United States v. Aubrey, 878 F2d 825 (5th Cir.1989), United States v. Kent, 608 F2d 542, 545 (5th Cir.1979), and United States v. Sneed, 63 F3d 381 (5th Cir.1995) and added reference to United States v. Peterson, 244 F.3d 385, 389 (5thCir. 2001), United States v. Reyes, 239 F.3d 722, 735 (5th Cir. 2001), United States v. Sprick, 233 F.3d 845, 853 (5th Cir. 2000), United States v. Wyley, 193 F.3d 289, 294 (5th Cir. 1999), United States v. Brown, 186 F.3d 661, 665 (5th Cir. 1999), and United States v. Powers, 168 F.3d 741, 747 (5thCir. 1999).  Third paragraph, added reference to United States v. Humphrey, 104 F.3d 65, 70 (5th Cir. 1997). Fourth paragraph, added reference to United States v. Leonard, 61 F.3d 1181, 1187 (5th Cir. 1995), United States v. Stouffer, 986 F.2d 916, 922 (5th Cir. 1993) and Cleveland v. United States, 121 S. Ct. 365, 369 (2000). Deleted fifth paragraph through eleventh paragraph.  Added fifth paragraph and reference to United States v. Brumley, 116 F.3d 728, 731 (5th Cir. 1997).  Sixth paragraph, deleted reference to United States v. Rochester, 898 F2d 971 (5th Cir.1990) and United States v. Helms, 897 F2d 1293 (5th Cir.1990) and added references to United States v. Richards, 204 F.3d 177, 209 (5th Cir. 2000), Braugh v. United States, 121 S.Ct. 73 (2000) and United States v. Evans, 148 F.3d 477, 483 (5th Cir. 1998).  Added references to United States v. Marek, 238 F.3d 310, 318 (5th Cir. 2001), United States v. Photogrammetric Data Serv., Inc., 103 F. Supp.2d 875, 882 (E.D. Va. 2000), Neder v. United States, 119 S. Ct. 1827 (1999), United States v. Davis, 226 F.3d 346, 358 (5th Cir. 2000), United States v. Pipkin, 114 F.3d 528, 535 (5th Cir. 1997), Kungys v. United States, 108 S.Ct. 2310 (1988), United States v. Dillman, 15 F.3d 384, 392 (5th Cir. 1994), United States v. Gordon, 876 F.2d 1113, 1120 (5th Cir. 1989), United States v. Chavis, 772 F.2d 100, 109-10 (5th Cir. 1985).

2.60    WIRE FRAUD (18 USC 1343)

    INSTRUCTION REVISION: Change in numbering (formerly 2.61).  Second Element, changed "specific intent to commit fraud" to "specific intent to defraud."  Added Fourth and Fifth Elements.  Added eleventh paragraph.  Twelfth paragraph, changed "A representation may be "false" when it constitutes a half truth, or effectively conceals a material fact, provided it is made with intent to defraud." to "A representation is "false" if it is known to be untrue or is made with reckless indifference as to its truth or falsity. A representation would also be "false" when it constitutes a half truth, or effectively omits or conceals a material fact, provided it is made with intent to defraud."  Added thirteenth paragraph.

    NOTE REVISION:  Added first paragraph and reference to Apprendi v. New Jersey, 120 S.Ct. 2348 (2000).  Replaced Note.  Deleted references to United States v. Keller, 14 F3d 1051, 1056 (5th Cir.1994), United States v. Ragan, 24 F3d 657 (5th Cir.1994), United States v. Shively, 927 F2d 804, 814 (5th Cir.1991), United States v. St. Gelais, 952 F2d 90, 95 (5th Cir.1992), United States v. Moody, 903 F2d 321 (5th Cir. 1990), United States v. Brumlev, 79 F3d 1430 (5th Cir.1996), United States v. Humphrey, 104 F3d 65, 70 (5th Cir.1997), United States v. Ismolla, 100 F3d 380, 389-90 (5th Cir. 1996).  Added references to United States v. Odiodio, 244 F.3d 398, 402 (5th Cir. 2001), United States v. Richards, 204 F.3d at 207, United States v. Sharpe, 193 F.3d 852, 864 n.7 (5th Cir. 1999), United States v. Powers, 168 F.3d 741, 746 (5th Cir. 1999), United States v. Izydore, 167 F.3d 213, 219 (5th Cir. 1999), United States v. Loney, 959 F.2d 1332, 1334-38 (5th Cir. 1992),United States v. Richards, 204 F.3d 177, 208 n.13 (5th Cir. 2000)and Instruction No. 2.59.

2.61    BANK FRAUD (18 USC 1344(2))

    INSTRUCTION REVISION: Change in numbering (formerly 2.62).  Second Element, changed "with intent to defraud" to "with a specific intent to defraud."  Third Element, changed "That the false or fraudulent pretenses, representations, or promises that the defendant made were material; that is, they would naturally tend to influence, or were capable of influencing the decision of, _______ [name bank]; and" to "That the false pretenses, representations, or promises that the defendant made were material;"  Fourth Element, changed "That _______ [name bank] was insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation [or other agency as defined by 18 USC 20]." to "That the defendant placed the financial institution at risk of civil liability or financial loss; and"  Added Fifth Element.  Tenth paragraph, changed "A statement or representation is "false" or "fraudulent" if it is known to be untrue or is made with reckless indifference to its truth or falsity." to "A representation is "false" if it is known to be untrue or is made with reckless indifference as to its truth or falsity. A representation would also be "false" when it constitutes a half truth, or effectively omits or conceals a material fact, provided it is made with intent to defraud."  Added eleventh paragraph.

    NOTE REVISION:  Added first paragraph and reference to Apprendi v. New Jersey, 120 S.Ct. 2348 (2000).  Added third paragraph and reference to United States v. Odiodio, 244 F.3d 398, 401 (5th Cir. 2001), United States v. Dadi, 235 F.3d 945, 950-51 (5th Cir. 2000), and United States v. McCauley, No. 00-20385, 2001 WL 630151, at *3-5 (5th Cir. June 7, 2001).  Second paragraph, added reference to Kungys v. United States, 108 S.Ct. 2310 (1988), See United States v. Davis, 226 F.3d 346 (5thCir. 2000); United States v. Richards, 204 F.3d 177 (5th Cir. 2000), and United States v. Morrow, 177 F.3d 272, 293 (5th Cir. 1999).  Added last paragraph and reference to United States v. Dillman, 15 F.3d 384, 392 (5th Cir. 1994), United States v. Gordon, 876 F.2d 1113, 1120 (5th Cir. 1989), and United States v. Chavis, 772 F.2d 100, 109-10 (5th Cir. 1985).

2.62    MAILING OBSCENE MATERIAL (18 USC 1461)

   INSTRUCTION REVISION: Change in numbering (formerly 2.63).

    NOTE REVISION:  Last paragraph, added reference to Hamling v. United States, 94 S.Ct. 2887 (1974), United States v. Shumway, 911 F.2d 1528 (11th Cir. 1990), and Spillman v. United States, 413 F.2d 527 (9th Cir. 1969).

2.63    INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION OF OBSCENE MATERIAL (By Common Carrier) (18 USC 1462)

    INSTRUCTION REVISION:  Change in numbering (formerly 2.64).

2.64    INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION OF OBSCENE MATERIAL (For Purpose Of Sale Or Distribution) (18 USC 1465)

    INSTRUCTION REVISION:  Change in numbering (formerly 2.65).

2.65    CORRUPTLY OBSTRUCTING ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE (18 USC 1503(a))

    INSTRUCTION REVISION:  Change in numbering (formerly 2.66).  Change in title, from "Obstructing Due Administration Of Justice" to above.  Added subdivision (a) to 18 USC 1503.

    NOTE REVISION:  Added first paragraph with reference to Apprendi v. New Jersey, 120 S.Ct. 2348 (2000).  Second paragraph, added reference to United States v. De La Rosa, 171 F.3d 215, 221-22 (5th Cir. 1999).  Third paragraph, added reference to United States v. Cihak, 137 F.3d 252, 263 (5th Cir. 1998).  Fifth paragraph, added reference to United States v. Sharp, 193 F.3d 852, 865 (5th Cir. 1999).  Added last paragraph.

2.66    NEW INSTRUCTION -- OBSTRUCTING ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE BY THREATS OR FORCE (18 USC 1503(a))

2.67    CORRUPTLY INFLUENCING A JUROR (18 USC 1503)

    NOTE REVISION:  Added second paragraph with reference to Apprendi v. New Jersey, 120 S.Ct. 2348 (2000).

2.68    INTIMIDATION TO INFLUENCE TESTIMONY (18 USC 1512(b)1))

    INSTRUCTION REVISION:  Deleted sixth paragraph defining attempts.  Seventh paragraph, minor change in punctuation.

    NOTE REVISION:  Added first paragraph re: enhancements. Added paragraphs three, four and six and references to United States v. Gabriel, 125 F.3d 89, 102 (2d Cir. 1997), United States v. Greenwood, 974 F.2d 1449, 1460 (5th Cir. 1992) and Instruction, No. 1.32.

2.69    FALSE DECLARATION BEFORE GRAND JURY OR COURT (18 USC 1623)

    NOTE REVISION:  Second paragraph, deleted reference to Kungys v. United States, 485 US 759, 769, 108 S.Ct. 1537, 1546, 99 L.Ed.2d 839 (1988) and added reference to Neder v. United States, 119 S.Ct. 1827, 1837 (1999).

2.70    THEFT OF MAIL MATTER (18 USC 1708) (First Paragraph)

    NOTE REVISION:  Added second paragraph and reference to See United States v. Davis, 461 F.2d 83 (5th Cir. 1972) and State v. Coleman, 196 F.3d 83 (2d Cir. 1999).

2.73    EXTORTION BY FORCE, VIOLENCE OR FEAR (18 USC 1951(a)) (Hobbs Act)

    NOTE REVISION:  First paragraph, added reference to United States v. Hebert, 131 F.3d 514, 521-22 (5th Cir. 1997) and United States v. Miles, 122 F.3d 235, 239-40 (5th Cir. 1997). Second paragraph, deleted reference to United States v. Box, 50 F3d 345, 351-52 (5th Cir.1995) and added reference to United States v. Jennings, 195 F.3d 795, 801 (5th Cir. 1999), United States v. Robinson, 119 F.3d 1205, 1208 (5th Cir. 1997) and United States v. Hickman, 179 F.3d 230 (5th Cir. 1999).  Added third paragraph and reference to United States v. Jennings, 195 F.3d 795, 801-02 (5th Cir. 1999) and United States v. Hebert, 131 F.3d 514, 523 n.8 (5th Cir. 1997).  Last paragraph, added reference to Instruction Nos. 1.39, 1.40, and 1.41.

2.74    EXTORTION UNDER COLOR OF OFFICIAL RIGHT (18 USC 1951(a)) (Hobbs Act)

    NOTE REVISION:  Added first paragraph and reference to Instruction No. 2.73.  Second paragraph, added reference to United States v. Millet, 123 F.3d 268, 275 (5th Cir. 1997).  Deleted third and fourth paragraph and reference to United States v. Parker, 73 F3d 48 (5th Cir.1996), United States v. Parker, 104 F3d 72 (5th Cir.1997), United States v. Box, 50 F3d 345, 351-52 (5th Cir.1995) and United States v. Collins, 40 F3d 95 (5th Cir.1994).  Last paragraph, added reference to Instruction Nos. 1.39, 1.40, and 1.41. 

2.75    ILLEGAL GAMBLING BUSINESS (18 USC 1955)

    INSTRUCTION REVISION:  Second paragraph, added "[Specify prohibited activity, e.g.," before "bookmaking."  Third paragraph, added "in excess" before "of thirty days."

    NOTE REVISION:  Added second and third paragraphs and reference to United States v. Truesdale, 152 F.3d 443, 447 (5th Cir. 1998) and United States v. Threadgill, 172 F.3d 357, 372-73 (5th Cir. 1999).

2.76    LAUNDERING OF MONETARY INSTRUMENTS (18 USC 1956(a)(1)(A)(i) and 18 USC 1956(a)(1)(B)(i))

    INSTRUCTION REVISION:  First paragraph, deleted "knowingly" before "conceal or disguise..."  Added "or" between Alternative Fourth Elements.  Eighth paragraph, changed "Under the second element,..." to "With respect to the second element,..."

    NOTE REVISION:  Added second paragraph and reference to United States v. Wilson, 249 F.3d 366, 377 (5th Cir. 2001), United States v. Peterson, 244 F.3d 385, 390 (5th Cir. 2001), United States v. Wyly, 193 F.3d 289, 295 (5th Cir. 1999), United States v. Brown, 186 F.3d 661, 667-68 (5th Cir. 1999), United States v. Odiodio, 244 F.3d 398, 403 (5th Cir. 2001), United States v. Wyly, 193 F.3d 289, 295 (5th Cir. 1999), United States v. Burns, 162 F.3d 840, 847 (5th Cir. 1998), and August v. United States, 120 S.Ct. 281 (1999).  Third paragraph, added reference to United States v. Westbrook, 119 F.3d 1176, 1191 (5th Cir. 1997).  Modified remaining paragraphs, and deleted reference to United States v. Dobbs, 63 F3d 391, 397 (5th Cir.1995), United States v. Collins, 40 F3d 95, 99-101 (5th Cir.1994), United States v. Grey, 56 F3d 1219, 1225 (10th Cir.1995); United States v. Peay, 972 F2d 71, 74 (4th Cir.1992), and and added reference to United States v. Westbrook, 119 F.3d 1176, 1191 (5th Cir. 1997), United States v. Delgado, 2001 WL 716951 (5th Cir. June 26, 2001), United States v. Brown, 186 F.3d 661, 667-671 (5th Cir. 1999), United States v. Powers, 168 F.3d 741, 748 (5th Cir. 1999), United States v. Tencer, 107 F.3d 1120, (5th Cir. 1997), United States v. Burns, 162 F.3d 840, 848-49 (5th Cir. 1998), August v. United States, 119 S.Ct. 1477 (1999), United States v. Meshack 225 F.3d 556, 572 (5th Cir. 2000), and United States v. Garza, 118 F.3d 278, 284-85 (5th Cir. 1997).

2.77    LAUNDERING OF MONETARY INSTRUMENTS (18 USC 1956(a)(3)(A) and 18 USC 1956(a)(3)(B))

    INSTRUCTION REVISION:  First paragraph, deleted "[to knowingly" before "conceal the nature..."  Added "or" between Alternative Third Elements.

    NOTE REVISION:  Third paragraph, added reference to United States v. Powers, 168 F.3d 741, 748 (5th Cir. 1999), and United States v. Tencer, 107 F.3d 1120, (5th Cir. 1997). Fifth paragraph, deleted reference to United States v. Collins, 40 F3d 95, 99-101 (5th Cir.1994), United States v. Grey, 56 F3d 1219, 1225 (10th Cir.1995) and United States v. Peay, 972 F2d 71, 74 (4th Cir.1992), and added reference to United States v. Meshack, 225 F.3d 556, 572 (5th Cir. 2000) and United States v. Westbrook, 119 F.3d 1176, 1191 (5th Cir. 1997).  Last paragraph, added reference to Instruction Nos. 1.32, 1.39, 1.40, and 1.41.

2.78    RACKETEER INFLUENCED CORRUPT ORGANIZATIONS ACT (18 USC 1962(c))

    INSTRUCTION REVISION:  First paragraph, added "interstate or foreign" before "commerce to conduct..."  Added tenth paragraph.

    NOTE REVISION:  Deleted reference to United States v. Cauble, 706 F2d 1322 (5th Cir.1983), and Word of Faith World Outreach Center Church, Inc. v. Sawyer, 90 F3d 118, 121-122 (5th Cir.1996) and added reference to Salinas v. United States, 118 S.Ct. 469 (1997).  Sixth paragraph, added reference to Salinas v. United States, 118 S.Ct. 469 (1997).  Added seventh and eighth paragraphs and reference to United States v. Robertson, 115 S.Ct. 1732 (1995) and Cedric Kushner Promotions, Ltd. v. King, 121 S.Ct. 2087 (2001).

2.79    BANK ROBBERY (18 USC 2113) (Subsections (a) and (d) Alleged in the Same Count)

    NOTE REVISION:  Added first paragraph and reference to United States v. Burton, 126 F.3d 666, 670 (5th Cir. 1997), and Richardson v. United States,119 S.Ct. 1707, 1710 (1999).  Second paragraph, added reference to Carter v. United States, 120 S.Ct. 2159 (2000) and United States v. Buchner, 7 F.3d 1149 (5th Cir. 1993).  Third paragraph, added reference to United States v. Ferguson, 211 F.3d 878, 883 (5th Cir. 2000).  Deleted fifth paragraph and reference to United States v. Buchner, 7 F.3d 1149 (5th Cir. 1993).

2.80    BANK THEFT (18 USC 2113(b))

    NOTE REVISION:  Second paragraph, deleted reference to the Economic Espionage Act, Pub. L. No. 104-294, § 606(a), 110 Stat. 3488 (Oct. 11, 1996) [established that more than $1,000 must be proven as an element of this offense if a felony conviction is sought. Prior to the effective date of the EEA, the dollar threshold for proof of a felony crime was more than $100].  Third paragraph, added reference to United States v. Daniels, 252 F.3d 411 (5th Cir. 2001), and Carter v. United States, 120 S.Ct. 2159 (2000).  Added sixth and seventh paragraphs and reference to Carter v. United States, 120 S.Ct. 2159 (2000).

2.81    CARJACKING (18 USC 2119)

    INSTRUCTION REVISION:  Added Fifth Element and eighth paragraph defendant "serious bodily injury."

    NOTE REVISION:  Added first four paragraphs and reference to Jones v. United States, 119 S.Ct. 1215 (1999), United States v. Edwards, 231 F.3d 933 (5th Cir. 2000), United States v. Lake, 150 F.3d 269 (3d Cir. 1998), United States v. Moore, 198 F.3d 793 (10th Cir. 1999), United States v. Kimble,178 F.3d 1163 (11th Cir. 1999), Holloway v. United States, 119 S.Ct. 966 (1999).  Added reference to Instructions Nos. 1.39, 1.40, and 1.41.

2.82    INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION OF A STOLEN MOTOR VEHICLE (18 USC 2312)

    NOTE REVISION:  Deleted reference to United States v. Castro, 26 F3d 557 (5th Cir.1994) and added reference to Instructions Nos. 1.39, 1.40, and 1.41.

2.83    RECEIPT OF A STOLEN MOTOR VEHICLE (18 USC 2313)

    NOTE REVISION:  Modified second paragraph and added reference to United States v. Trupin, 117 F.3d 678, 687 (2d Cir. 1997), United States v. Correa-Ventura, 6 F.3d 1070 (5th Cir. 1993).

2.84    INTERSTATE TRANSPORTATION OF STOLEN PROPERTY (18 USC 2314) (First Paragraph)

    NOTE REVISION:  First paragraph, added reference to United States v. Anderson, 174 F.3d 515 (5th Cir. 1999) and deleted reference to United States v. Parziale, 947 F2d 123 (5th Cir.1991), United States v. Judd, 889 F2d 1410 (5th Cir.1989), United States v. Vontsteen, 872 F2d 626 (5th Cir.1989), and Dowling v. United States, 473 US 207, 105 S.Ct. 3127, 87 L.Ed.2d 152 (1985).  Added second paragraph and reference to United States v. Lennon, 751 F.2d 737 (5th Cir. 1985).  Fourth and fifth paragraphs, added reference to Instructions Nos. 1.39, 1.40, 1.41 and 1.25.

2.85    RECEIPT, POSSESSION, OR SALE OF STOLEN PROPERTY (18 USC 2315) (First Paragraph)

    NOTE REVISION:  First paragraph, deleted reference to United States v. Mitchell, 876 F2d 1178 (5th Cir.1989) and added reference to United States v. Anderson, 174 F.3d 515 (5th Cir. 1999).  Second paragraph, added reference to United States v. Trupin, 117 F.3d 678, 687 (2d Cir. 1997), United States v. Correa-Ventura, 6 F.3d 1070 (5th Cir. 1993).

2.87    CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES--POSSESSION WITH INTENT TO DISTRIBUTE (21 USC 841(a)(1))

    INSTRUCTION REVISION:  Added Fourth Element.

    NOTE REVISION:  Added second, third and fourth paragraph, and added reference to Apprendi v. New Jersey, 120 S.Ct. 2348 (2000), United States v. Clinton, 2001 WL 721366 at *1-4 (5th Cir. June 27, 2001), United States v. Garcia, 242 F.3d 593, 599-600 (5th Cir. 2001), United States v. Salazar-Flores, 238 F.3d 672, 673-74 (5th Cir. 2001), United States v. Keith, 230 F.3d 784, 786-87 (5th Cir. 2000), United States v. Doggett, 230 F.3d 160, 164-65 (5th Cir. 2000), United States v. Meshack, 225 F.3d 556, 575-77 (5th Cir. 2000), United States v. DeLeon, 247 F.3d 598, 597 (5th Cir. 2001), United States v. Gonzalez, 2001 WL 815606, at *3 (5th Cir. July 19, 2001), United States v. Garcia, 242 F.3d 593, 599-600 (5thCir. 2001), United States v. Thomas, 246 F.3d 438, 439 (5th Cir. 2001) and Lesser Included Offense instruction, No. 1.33.  Sixth paragraph, added reference to United States v. Cano-Guel, 167 F.3d 900, 906 (5th Cir. 1999).  Added seventh paragraph and reference to United States v. Ortega Reyna, 148 F.3d 540, 543-47 (5th Cir. 1998).  Eighth paragraph, added reference to United States v. Fitzgerald, 89 F.3d 218, 221 (5th Cir. 1996).  Added ninth and tenth paragraphs and reference to United States v. Brown, 217 F.3d 247, 255 (5th Cir. 2000), United States v. Moreno, 185 F.3d 465, 476 (5th Cir. 1999), United States v. Posada-Rios, 158 F.3d 832, 875 (5th Cir. 1998), Grajales Murga v. United States, 119 S.Ct. 1280 (1999) and Instruction No. 1.37. 

2.88    UNLAWFUL USE OF COMMUNICATIONS FACILITY (21 USC 843(b))

    NOTE REVISION:  Added first paragraph and reference to United States v. Mankins, 135 F.3d 946, 949 (5thCir. 1998).  Added third paragraph and reference to United States v. Dixon, 132 F.3d 192, 200-01 (5th Cir. 1997).

2.89    CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES--CONSPIRACY (21 USC 846)

    INSTRUCTION REVISION:  Added Fourth Element.

    NOTE REVISION:  Added first paragraph.  Second paragraph, added reference to United States v. Cartwright, 6 F.3d 294, 303 (5th Cir. 1993).  Added third and fourth paragraphs and reference to Apprendi v. New Jersey, 120 S.Ct. 2348 (2000), United States v. Clinton, 2001 WL 721366 at *1-4 (5th Cir. June 27, 2001), United States v. Green, 246 F.3d 433, 435-37 (5th Cir. 2001), United States v. Slaughter, 238 F.3d 580, 583 (5th Cir. 2000), United States v. Doggett, 230 F.3d 160, 164-65 (5th Cir. 2000), United States v. Meshack, 225 F.3d 556, 575-77 (5th Cir. 2000), United States v. DeLeon, 247 F.3d 593, 597 (5th Cir. 2001), United States v. Ruiz, 43 F.3d 985, 990 (5thCir. 1995), United States v. Maseratti, 1 F.3d 330, 340 (5th Cir. 1993), and United States v. Keith, 230 F.3d 784, 787 (5th Cir. 2000).  Fifth paragraph, deleted reference to United States v. Polk, 56 F3d 613, 619 (5th Cir.1995) and added reference to United States v. Montgomery, 210 F.3d 446, 449 (5th Cir. 2000).  Ninth paragraph, deleted reference to United States v. Erwin, 793 F2d 656, 662, (5th Cir. 1986) and added reference to United States v. Stowell, 947 F.2d 1251, 1258 (5th Cir. 1991) and United States v. Cyprian, 197 F.3d 736, 741 (5th Cir. 1999).  Deleted last paragraph re: 21 USC 963 and added last paragraph and reference to United States v. Asibor, 109 F.3d 1023, 1034-35 (5th Cir.) and United States v. Maseratti, 1 F.3d 330, 336 (5th Cir. 1993).

2.90    CONTINUING CRIMINAL ENTERPRISE (21 USC 848)

    INSTRUCTION REVISION:  Second Element, changed "That such violations were part of a continuing series of violations, as hereinafter defined;" to "That such violations were part of a continuing series of violations, which means at least three violations of the Controlled Substances Act as charged in Counts______ of the indictment. These violations must be connected together as a series of related or ongoing activities as distinguished from isolated and disconnected acts. You must unanimously agree on which of these underlying violations has been proved;"  Fourth Element, added third sentence.  Deleted seventh paragraph defining "continuing series of violation."  Eighth paragraph, added "and the "five or more persons" may include persons who are indirectly subordinate to the defendant through an intermediary" after "organizer or supervisor, "

    NOTE REVISION:  Added paragraph one and two and reference to United States v. Garcia Abrego, 141 F.3d 142, 166-67 (5th Cir. 1998), United States v. Hicks, 945 F.2d 107 (5th Cir. 1991), United States v. Phillips, 664 F.2d 971, 1013 (5th Cir. 1981), and Richardson v. United States, 119 S.Ct. 1707, 1710 (1999).  Third paragraph, added reference to United States v. Short, 181 F.3d 620, 623-24 (5th Cir. 1999), United States v. Brito, 136 F.3d 397, 408 (5th Cir. 1998), United States v. Hardin, 209 F.3d 652, 659-60 (7th Cir. 2000), United States v. Avery, 128 F.3d 966, 973 (6th Cir. 1997), United States v. Hall, 93 F.3d 126, 130 (4th Cir. 1996), United States v. Williams-Davis, et al., 90 F.3d 490, 509 (D.C. Cir. 1996), United States v. Edmonds, 80 F.3d 810, 822 (3d Cir. 1996), United States v. Jelinek, 57 F.3d 655, 658-59 (8th Cir. 1995), United States v. Moorman, 944 F.2d 801, 802-03 (11th Cir. 1991), United States v. Tarvers, 833 F.2d 1068, 1074-75 (1st Cir. 1987), United States v. McSwain, 197 F.3d 472, 481-82 (10th Cir. 1999), United States v. Jerome, 942 F.2d 1328, 1330-31 (9th Cir. 1991), and United States v. Garcia Abrego, 141 F.3d 142, 165 (5th Cir. 1998), and deleted references to United States v. Linn, 889 F2d 1369, 1374 (5th Cir. 1989), United States v. Correa-Ventura, 6 F3d 1070, 1082 n. 20 (5th Cir.1993), and United States v. Echeverri, 854 F2d 638, 643 (3d Cir.1988).  Modified remaining paragraphs, adding references to Rutledge v. United States, 116 S.Ct. 1241, 1250-51 (1996), United States v. Brito, 136 F.3d 397, 408 (5th Cir. 1998), United States v. Tolliver, 61 F.3d 1189, 1223 (5th Cir. 1995), United States v. Devine, 934 F.2d 1325, 1342-44 (5th Cir. 1991), cert. denied, 112 S.Ct. 954 (1992), Apprendi v. New Jersey, 120 S.Ct. 2348 (2000).

2.91    CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES--MANUFACTURING OPERATION (21 USC 856(a)(1))

    INSTRUCTION REVISION:  First paragraph, changed "Title 21, United States Code, Section 856(a)(2), makes it a crime for anyone to manage or control any building, room, enclosure, either as an owner, lessee, agent, employee, or mortgagee, and rent, lease, or make available for use the building, room, or enclosure for the purpose of unlawfully manufacturing, storing, distributing, or using a controlled substance." to "Title 21, United States Code, Section 856(a)(1), makes it a crime for anyone to knowingly open or maintain any place for the purpose of manufacturing, distributing, or using any controlled substance."  First Element, changed "That the defendant managed or controlled a building, room, or enclosure, either as an owner, lessee, agent, employee or mortgagee; and" to That the defendant knowingly opened [maintained] a place for the purpose of manufacturing [distributing] [using] a controlled substance."  Deleted Second Element and added fifth and sixth paragraphs.

    NOTE REVISION:  Deleted previous Note  Added new Note and references to United States v. Meshack, 225 F.3d 556, 571 (5th Cir. 2000), United States v. Morgan, 117 F.3d 849, 855 (5th Cir. 1997), Jackson v. United States, 118 S.Ct. 454 (1997),United States v. Gibson, 55 F.3d 173, 181 (5th Cir. 1995),United States v. Soto-Silva, 129 F.3d 340, 344 (5th Cir. 1997); United States v. Chen, 913 F.2d 183, 190 (5th Cir. 1990), United States v. Chen, 913 F.2d at 189-191, United States v. Cooper, 966 F.2d 936, 945 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 113 S.Ct. 461 (1992).

2.92    CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES--UNLAWFUL IMPORTATION (21 USC 952(a) and 21 USC 960(a)(1))

    INSTRUCTION REVISION:  First Element, changed "That the defendant intentionally brought a quantity of _______ into the United States from a place outside the United States;" to "That the defendant brought into the United States from a place outside the United States a substance, which in fact was;"  Added Fourth Element.

    NOTE REVISION:  Deleted previous Note and reference to United States v. Crooks, 83 F3d 103, 106 (5th Cir.1996), and United States v. Casilla, 20 F3d 600, 603 (5th Cir.1994). Added new Note and references to Apprendi v. New Jersey, 120 S.Ct. 2348 (2000), United States v. Clinton, 2001 WL 721366 at *1-4 (5th Cir. June 27, 2001), United States v. Slaughter, 238 F.3d 580, 583 (5th Cir. 2000), United States v. Keith, 230 F.3d 784, 786-87 (5thCir. 2000), United States v. Doggett, 230 F.3d 160, 164-65 (5th Cir. 2000), United States v. DeLeon, 247 F.3d 593, 597 (5th Cir. 2001), Lesser Included Offense instruction, No. 1.33, United States v. Thomas, 246 F.3d 438, 439 (5thCir. 2001),United States v. Moreno, 185 F.3d 465, 471 (5thCir. 1999), United States v. Medina, 161 F.3d 867, 873 (5thCir. 1998), United States v. Cartwright, 6 F.3d 294, 303 (5th Cir. 1993), United States v. Fragoso, 978 F.2d 896, 902 (5th Cir. 1992).

2.93    CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES--MANUFACTURING OR DISTRIBUTING FOR PURPOSES OF DISTRIBUTION (21 USC 959(a))

    INSTRUCTION REVISION:  Instruction deleted.

2.93    EXPORTING ARMS WITHOUT A LICENSE (22 USC 2778(c) and 22 CFR 127.1(a))

    INSTRUCTION REVISION: Change in numbering (formerly 2.94).  

    NOTE REVISION:  Added reference to United States v. Rodriguez, 132 F.3d 208 (5th Cir. 1997) and United States v. Bryan, 118 S.Ct. 1939 (1998).

2.94    RECEIVING OR POSSESSING UNREGISTERED FIREARMS (26 USC 5861(d))

    INSTRUCTION REVISION: Change in numbering (formerly 2.95).

    NOTE REVISION:  Third paragraph, added reference to Rogers v. United States, 118 S.Ct. 673 (1998) and United States v. Reyna, 130 F.3d 104 (5th Cir. 1997).  Deleted fourth paragraph and reference to United States v. Mains, 33 F3d 1222, 1229 (10th Cir.1994), United States v. Starkes, 32 F3d 100, 101 (4th Cir.1994), United States v. Edwards, 90 F3d 199 (7th Cir.1996), and United States v. Barr, 32 F3d 1320, 1323-24 (8th Cir.1994).

2.95    TAX EVASION (26 USC 7201)

    INSTRUCTION REVISION:  Change in numbering (formerly 2.96).  Added "(year)" to First and Third Elements.

2.96    FALSE STATEMENTS ON INCOME TAX RETURN (26 USC 7206(1))

    INSTRUCTION REVISION:  Change in numbering (formerly 2.97).  Second Element, added "the year _____];."

    NOTE REVISION:  First paragraph, added reference to United States v. Mann, 161 F.3d 840, 848 (5thCir. 1998).  Third paragraph, deleted reference to United States v. Gaudin, ___US____, 115 S.Ct. 2310, 132 L.Ed.2d 444 (1995) and added reference to Neder v. United States, 119 S.Ct. 1827, 1837 (1999).  Deleted fourth paragraph and reference to United States v. McGuire, 99 F3d 671 (5th Cir.1996).  Fifth paragraph, added reference to Cheek v. United States, 111 S.Ct. 604, 610 (1991).

2.97    AIDING OR ASSISTING IN PREPARATION OF FALSE DOCUMENTS UNDER INTERNAL REVENUE LAWS (26 USC 7206(2))

    INSTRUCTION REVISION:  Change in numbering (formerly 2.98).  Second Element, added "the year _____];."

    NOTE REVISION:  Added first and second paragraphs and reference to Instruction No. 2.96 and United States v. Clark, 139 F.3d 485, 489 (5thCir.).

2.98    REPORTS ON EXPORTING AND IMPORTING MONETARY INSTRUMENTS (31 USC 5316(a)(1))

    INSTRUCTION REVISION:  Change in numbering (formerly 2.99).  Added Fourth Element.

    NOTE REVISION:  Added first paragraph and reference to Apprendi v. New Jersey, 120 S.Ct. 2348 (2000).

2.99    STRUCTURING TRANSACTIONS TO EVADE REPORTING REQUIREMENTS (31 USC 5324(a)(3))

    INSTRUCTION REVISION:  Change in numbering (formerly 2.100).  Added Fourth Element.

    NOTE REVISION:  Added first paragraph and reference to Apprendi v. New Jersey, 120 S.Ct. 2348 (2000).